Centurion Marathi monthly 'Niropya'

JmdHw$gm~mhoaMm {¼ñVr g_mO

H$m{_b nmaIo

gwJmdm àH$meZ, nwUo

15) eVH$dra ' {Zamoß`m ' _m{gH$

'{Zamoß`m'À`m 100 dfmªÀ`m dmQ>MmbrMm AmT>mdm KoUmè`m ' {Zamoß`m: g§nmXH$s` ñn§XZo (1903-2003)' `m nwñVH$mMr {Z{_©Vr hm IamoIa EH$ AmZ§XmMm Am{U A{^_mZmMm `moJ Amho. AmZ§XmMm `moJ AemgmR>r {H$ Ago AmZ§XmMo Am{U A{^_mZmMo jU _amR>r {Z`VH$m{bH$m§À`m B{VhmgmV \$ma Xw{_©i AmhoV. _amR>r d¥ËVnÌm§Mm B{Vhmg ~miemór Om§^oH$am§Zr 1832 gmbr gwê$ Ho$boë`m 'Xn©U' `m {Z`VH$m{bH$mZo gwê$ hmoVmo. gìdmXmoZeo dfmªÀ`m `m B{VhmgmV '{Zamoß`m'bm bm^bobm hm `moJ AmVmn`ªV Ho$di {VZM {Z`VH$m{bH$m§Zm bm^bobm AmhoV. àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> {_eZatZr gwê$ Ho$bobm Am{U AOyZhr àH$m{eV hmoV Agbobm 'kmZmoX`', g_mOgwYmaH$ Jmonmi JUoe AmJaH$a Am{U bmoH$_mÝ` {Q>iH$m§Zr gwê$ Ho$bobm ' Ho$gar' Am{U '{Zamoß`m' hr Vr VrZ {Z`VH$m{bHo$. `mn¡H$s e§^ar Amobm§S>bobm '{Zamoß`m' AOyZhr Vê$UmB©VM Amho `m~Ôb Hw$UmMo Xw_V Zgmdo.

'{Zamoß`m'Mm B{Vhmg åhUOoM EH$m AWm©Zo Ah_XZJa {OëømVrb X{bV {IñVr g_mOmMm B{Vhmg Ago '{Zamoß`m'Mo g§nmXH$ \$mXa Á`mo. _m. {nR>oH$a `m§Zr O`§V Jm`H$dmS> `m§Zr {b{hboë`m ' {Zamoß`m: g§nmXH$s` ñn§XZo (1903-2003)' `m nwñVH$mÀ`m àñVmdZoV åhQ>bo Amho.1 '{Zamoß`m' OÝ_mbm Ambm Voìhm _hmamï´>mV Am{U ^maVmV d¥ÎmnÌo ZwH$VrM Hw$R>o OÝ_mbm `oV hmoVr, Ë`mn¡H$s AZoH$m§À`m Z{e~r ~mb_¥Ë`yM {b{hbm hmoVm. `mM H$mimV Ah_XZJa, Am¡a§Jm~mX, Zm{eH$ `m {Oëøm§À`m n[agamV EH$ doJimM g_mO, _amR>r X{bV {¼ñVr g_mO, CX`mg `oV hmoVm. _amR>r ^mfoMo OwOw~r kmZ Agboë`m naXoer Y_©Jwê§$À`m g§nmXH$ËdmImbr ' {Zamoß`m' MmMnS>V nwT>o nmD$b Q>mH$V hmoVm, Am{U Ë`mMo ~moQ> Yê$Z ~më`mdñWoV Agbobm X{bV {¼ñVr g_mO hiyhiy C^m amhÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aV hmoVm. ho dmñVì` bjmV KoVbo åhUOo `m H$mimV '{Zamoß`m' VyZ àJë^ åhUVm `oB©b Aem ñdê$nmMo gm{hË` H$m {Z_m©U Pmbo Zmhr AWdm ñWm{ZH$ boIH$m§Mr na§nam H$m {Z_m©U Pmbr Zmhr `mMo CÎma {_iVo.

\$mXa à^wYa `m§Zr 1971À`m OmZodmarV ' {Zamoß`m 'Mo g§nmXH$ åhUyZ gyÌo hmVr KoB©n`ªV ho _m{gH$ Ho$di Ah_XZJa, Am¡a§Jm~mX Am{U Zm{eH$ {OëømVrb Y_mªV[aV X{bV {¼ñVr g_mOmnwaVoM _`m©{XV am{hbo hmoVo. \$mXa à^wYa `m§Zr nwÊ`mVrb S>r Zmo{~br H$m°boOmV VÎdkmZ {eH$Umè`m ~«Xam§Zm EH$XmoZ dfmªgmR>r ghmæ`H$ g§nmXH$ åhUyZ Zo_UyH$ H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm {b{hVo Ho$bo. ho gd© ~«Xa dgB© n[agamVrb hmoVo Am{U Ë`m_wio VoìhmnmgyZ '{Zamoß`m' Ah_XZJa Am{U nwUo {OëømMr hÔ nma H$ê$Z H$moH$UmVrb R>mUo {OëømVrb dgB©Vrb dmMH$m§n`ªV nmohmoMbm. `mAmYrM dgB©V 'gwdmVm©' _m{gH$ gwê$ Pmbo hmoVo. AmO `m XmoÝhr _m{gH$m§Zr Amnmnë`m {Oëøm§À`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ gr_m nma H$ê$Z EH$_oH$m§À`m dmMH$joÌm§V A{VH«$_U Ho$bo AmhoM. J§_VrZo Agohr åhUVm `oB©b {H$ ho A{VH«$_U AmVm Va g§nmXH$s` nmVirdahr nmohmoMbo Amho. gÜ`mMo '{Zamoß`m'Mo g§nmXH$ \$mXa {nR>oH$a ho _yiMo dgB©Mo AmhoV, Ë`m{edm` amÁ`mVrb BVa ^mJm§Vrb _amR>r {¼ñVr dmMH$m§n`ªVhr hr _m{gHo$ nmohmoMbr AmhoV. Ago Agbo Var 'gwdmVm©' ho dgB©Vrb {¼ñVr g_mOmMo Am{U '{Zamoß`m' ho Ah_XZJa, nwUo. Am¡a§Jm~mX Am{U Zm{eH$ {OëømVrb X{bV {¼ñVr g_mOmMo _wInÌ AerM Ë`m§Mr Vm|S>AmoiI H$m`_ am{hbr Amho.

e§^a dfmªÀ`m `m H$mimV '{Zamoß`m'Zo H$moUVr _moR>r H$m_{Jar Ho$br Amho Am{U {dgmdo eVH$ nma Ho$ë`mZ§Va EH${dgmì`m eVH$mV `m _m{gH$mMo à`moOZ H$m` Agm àíZ `m {Z{_ÎmmZo CnpñWV hmoUo eŠ` Amho. _amR>r d¥ÎmnÌm§À`m B{VhmgmV 'gË`H$Wo'gmaIu AZoH$ XO}Xma {Z`VH$m{bHo$ H$mimÀ`m àdmhmV ~§X Pmbr. Hw$R>ë`mhr _m{gH$mMo ApñVËd Mmby amhmdo {H$ Zmhr `m~m~VrV dmMH$m§Mr ^y{_H$m \$ma _hÎdmMr R>aV AgVo. AZwXmZ, XoUJr Am{U g~{gS>rÀ`m Am°pŠgOZda hr _m{gHo$ \$ma Va H$mhr H$mi Mmby amhÿ eH$V ZmhrV. AZoH$ àMmar WmQ>mMr {Z`VH$m{bHo$, _m{gHo$ \w$H$Q>mV {_imë`mZo hmVr nS>VmV nm{H$Q> Z CKS>Vm H$Mè`mÀ`m noQ>rV Q>mH$br OmVmV. '{Zamoß`m'Mo Vgo Pmbobo Zmhr.' {Zamoß`m' AOyZ VJ Yê$Z am{hbm Amho `mMo EH$ _hÎdmMo H$maU åhUOo dmMH$mZm Vmo hdm Amho.

haoJmdÀ`m _V_mD$brÀ`m `mÌoV Xadfu ' {Zamoß`m'Mm EH$ ñQ>m°b AgVmo. VoWo '{Zamoß`m'Mr dJ©Ur XoÊ`mg `oUmè`m dmMH$m§~r JXu nm{hbr åhÊmOo _r H$m` åhUVmo Amho `mMr Vwåhm§bm WmoS>r\$ma H$ënZm `oD$ eHo$b. Jobr H$mhr df} _r Am{U '{Zamoß`m'Mo EH$ YS>mYS>rMo H$m`©H$V} `mo. em. Jm`H$dmS> ' {Zamoß`m'Mm hm ñQ>m°b haoJmdÀ`m `mÌoV MmbdV AmhmoV. dJ©Ur Z ^aë`mZo qH$dm dJ©Ur ^ê$Zhr H$mhr H$maUmZo H$mhr dmMH$m§Zm '{Zamoß`m' nmohmoMV Zmhr Aemdoir {MS>boë`m dmMH$m§À`m àjmo^mg Vm|S> XoÊ`mMr doi `oVo. hr AdKS> O~m~Xmar _r VmVS>rZo Jm`H$dmS> `m§À`mH$S>o gmondrV AgVmo. {Z`{_VnUo ' {Zamoß`m' Z {_imë`m~Ôb g§Vmnboë`m `m dmMH$m§H$S>o nm{hbo åhUOo e§^a dfm©§Z§Vahr ho _m{gH$ dmMH$m§Zm hdo Amho `m~Ôb H$mhr g§e` amhV Zmhr.

'{Zamoß`m'À`m A§Va§Jm~Ôb O`§V Jm`H$dmS> `m§Zr `m nwñVH$mV {dñVmamZo {b{hbo Amho.'{Zamoß`m'Zo EH$ ~¥ÎmnÌ åhUyZ Ë`mH$mimV KS>Umè`m _moR>çm gm_m{OH$, amO{H$` KS>m_moS>tMr Zm|X KoVbr Zmhr Ago boIH$mZo Amnë`m `m nwñVH$mV åhQ>bo, Vo IaoM Amho. AJXr '{Zamoß`m' Mo g§ñWmnH$ g§nmXH$ {~en hoZ«r S>moatJ n{hë`m _hm`wÜXm_wio `wamonmV AS>H$bo, {~«{Q>e gaH$maZo Vo O_©Z `m eÌyamï´>mMo ZmJarH$ Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zm ^maVmV naVÊ`mg ~§Xr KmVbr, n{hë`m Am{U Xwgè`m _hm`wÜXm§V AZoH$ {_eZatZm Vwé§Jdmg KS>bm qH$dm ^maVmbm ñdmV§Í` {_imbo Aem ~mVå`mhr `m {Z`VH$m{bH$mV à{gÜX Pmë`m ZmhrV. _mÌ _bm dmQ>Vo {H$ `m~m~V VmËH$mbrZ g§nmXH$m§Zr YmoaUmË_H$ {ZU©` KoVbm hmoVm Ago åhUVm `oUma Zmhr. AmOhr XIb KoÊ`mgma»`m gd©M ~mVå`m ' {Zamoß`m'V `oVmV Ago åhUVm `oUma Zmhr. '{Zamoß`m'À`m boIH$m§Zr Ë`m~Ôb H$mhr {b{hbo Va Vo àH$m{eV hmoVo, AÝ`Wm EImÚm _hÎdmÀ`m KQ>ZoH$S>ohr Xwb©j hmoD$ eH$Vo. BVa _m{gHo$ Am{U {Z`H$m{bH$m§Mo g§nmXH$m§H$S>o AZoH$ boIH$, ghH$mar AgVmV, Ë`m_wio àË`oH$ A§H$mÀ`m _OHw$am§Mo ~aoM {Xdg AmYrM Img {Z`moOZ H$ê$ eH$VmV. {Zamoß`mÀ`m g§nmXH$m§Zm Aem ñdê$nmMr bŠPar ZgVo.

' {Zamoß`m' XO}Xma boIH$dJ© V`ma H$ê$ eH$bm Zmhr Aer EH$ I§V \$mXa {nQ>oH$am§Zr `m nwñVH$mÀ`m àñVmdZoV ì`º$ Ho$br Amho. Ë`mV ~aoMgo VÏ` Amho. '{Zamoß`m' H$Yrhr Ho$di gm{hË`joÌmÀ`m godogmR>r Mmb{dbm OmV ZìhVm. Ë`mMr C{Ôï>o Am{U H$m`©joÌM doJio Amho. Ago Agbo Var AmO _amR>r gm{hË`joÌmV Amnë`m H$V¥©ËdmZo Zmd H$_mdboë`m \$mXa \«$mpÝgg {X{~«Q>m|Mm n{hbm boI '{Zamoß`m'ZoM N>mnbm hmoVm. {dÐmohr gm{hpË`H$ Am{U g§nmXH$ AmMm`© gË`dmZ Zm_Xod gy`©d§er, _amR>r embo` nmR>çnwñVH$mV Á`m§À`m H${dVm§Mm g_mdoe Pmbm Vo g§nV {dídmg Jm`H$dmS> C\©$ H${d {dídmgHw$_ma, H¡$VmZ XmoS>Vr Aem Zm_d§V boIH$-H${d§Zr ' {Zamoß`m'V XrK©H$mi {b{hbo Amho.

'{Zamoß`m'Mo Am{U _mPo AJXr embo` OrdZmnmgyZMo ZmVo Amho 1970À`m XeH$mV `m _m{gH$mMo g§nmXH$ \$mXa à^wYa eãXH$moS>o N>m{nV AgV, `m eãXH$moS>çm§Mr ~amo~a CÎmao XoÊ`mè`m§Mr Zmdo Vo àH$m{eV H$aV AgV.AZoH$Xm gd© CÎmao ~amo~a XoUmao Hw$UrM ZgV. _J \$mXa \$º$ EH$ {µH$dm XmoZM MwH$sMr CÎmao XoUmè`mMr Zmdo N>mnV AgV. AemM bmoH$m§~amo~a Voìhm n{hë`m§XmM _mPo Zmd '{Zamoß`m'V N>mnyZ Ambo. VoìhmnmgyZ Amnbo Zmd N>mnyZ AmUÊ`mMm N>§XM gwê$ Pmbm AmO _r nyU©doi nÌH$ma Am{U boIH$ åhUyZ H$m`©aV Amho `m ì`dgm`mMo ~rO '{Zamoß`m'ZoM _mÂ`m_Ü`o ê$Odbo hmoVo.

'{Zamoß`m'Zo e§^ar nma Ho$br `mMo ~aoMgo lo` `oeyg§Kr` A{YH$mè`m§Zm Úmdo bmJob. 'AmnU' gmaIo EH$ XO}Xma _amR>r gmám{hH$ `oeyg§Kr`m§Zr OdiOdi Xhm df} Mmb{dbo hmoVo _mÌ Vo Z§Va ~§X H$amdo bmJbo. 'gwdmVm©' _m{gH$mà_mUo ' {Zamoß`m'À`m g§nmXH$nXr nyU©doi Y_©Jwê$ XoUo Ë`m§Zm eŠ` Pmbobo Zmhr, _mÌ ho _m{gH$ Mmby am{hb `mMr `oeyg§Kr` A{YH$mè`m§Zr gd©VmonarZo H$miOr KoVbr Amho. Xhm dfm©nydu ' {Zamoß`m'Mo g§nmXH$ ~XbV dm Ë`m g§nmXH$mMr XwgarH$S>o ~Xbr hmoB© Vgo `m _m{gH$mMo H$m`m©b`mMo Jmd qH$dm eha ~XbV Ago. Ë`m_wioM 'qdMdmMo {~èhmS> nmR>rda AgVo Vgo ' {Zamoß`m'Mo Amho' Ago `m _m{gH$mMo _mOr g§nmXH$ \$mXa à^wYa `m§Zr EH$m g§nmX{H$`mV {b{hbo Amho. \$mXa à^wYa {XS> XeHo$ g§nmXH$ hmoVo. Ë`m§À`mAmYr \$mXa Omogo\$ ñQ>mH©$ `m _m{gH$mMo 22 df} g§nmXH$ hmoVo. \$m. à^wYam§À`m ~XbrZwgma ' {Zamoß`m' lram_nya, H$èhmS>, AmOam Aem {R>H$mUr qhS>bm. AmVm ' {Zamoß`m'bm nwÊ`mV 'ñZohgXZ' Aml_mMo Ka {_imbo Amho.

g§X^©:

1) O`§V Jm`H$dmS>, ' {Zamoß`m g§nmXH$s` ñn§XZo (1903-2003)' , àH$meH$, '{Zamoß`m' _m{gH$ (2006)

(nyd©à{gÜXr: ' {Zamoß`m' _m{gH$, E{àb 2006)

Johar, Jai Bhim, Jai Khrist (Marathi)

JmdHw$gm~mhoaMm {¼ñVr g_mO, H$m{_b nmaIo

gwJmdm àH$meZ, nwUo

 10) Omohma, O` ^r_ Am{U O` {¼ñV

ñWi nwÊ`mVrb `oadS>m `oWrb g|Q> S>m°Z ~m°ñH$mo ñHy$beoOmarb àeñV _¡XmZ. gZ 2005 À`m 26 OmZodmarg nwÊ`mVrb _amR>r {¼ñVr g_mOmMm n{hbmM _oimdm VoWo ^a{dÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. Ah_XZJa, Am¡a§Jm~mX {Oëøm§VyZ nwÊ`mV ñWm{`H$ Pmbobr _§S>ir _oimì`mgmR>r hiyhiy O_m hmoV hmoVr. `oUmè`m§n¡H$s AZoH$ OU `m _oimì`mMo _w»` g§`moOH$ Agbobo \$mXa A°§S´>`y jragmJa `m§Zm ^oQ>Ê`mgmR>r `oV hmoVo. ZD$dmar, ghmdmar Jmob gmS>çm Zogboë`m, Hw§$Hy$ bmdboë`m qH$dm Zgboë`m {d{dY d`moJQ>mÀ`m _{hbm VgoM eQ>©n±Q> KmVbobo, gmR>r Amobm§S>bobo qH$dm _Ü`_d`mMo nwê$f \$mXam§Zm XmoÝhr hmV OmoSy>Z qH$dm hmVmV hmV KoD$Z ' O` {¼ñV \$mXa ' åhUV hmoVo. \$mXahr Ë`m àË`oH$mbm hgV_wImZo 'O` {¼ñV' 'O` {¼ñV' åhUV àË`wÎma XoV hmoVo. Ë`mZ§Va VoWo Amboë`m \$mXa ZoëgZ _MmS>mo Am{U BVa \$mXa_§S>irhr _J nwT>rb AYm© Vmg `m A{^dmXZmÀ`m CnMmanÜXVrV gm_rb Pmbr. VoWo O_bobo BVa gd© àmn§{MH$ bmoH$ _mÌ EH$_oH$m§Zm 'Z_ñH$ma' åhUVM A{^dmXZ H$aV hmoVo. {VerÀ`m AmVrb Agbobr OdiOdi gd© Vê$U_§S>ir VoWo Amë`mAmë`m gd©M \$mXam§Zm ' Z_ñH$ma \$mXa', JyS> Eìh{Z§J' \$mXa' Ago åhUV 'J«rQ>' H$aV hmoVr. hr Vê$U _§S>ir åhUOo nwÊ`mVM OÝ_bobr, BWë`mM H$m°Ýìh|Q> emim§V {eH$bobr Zdr {nT>r.

'O` {¼ñV' hr A{^dmXZ nÜXV Ah_XZJa Am{U Am¡a§Jm~mX {Oëøm§Vrb _amR>r {¼ñVr g_mOmMr EH$ Img AmoiI åhUmdr bmJob. _hmamï´>mVrb dgB© ^mJmVrb _amR>r {¼ñVr g_mOmV qH$dm H$moëhmnya n[agamVrb KmQ>mdaÀ`m '~mX}ñH$a' {¼ñVr g_mOmV hr àWm AmT>iV Zmhr.

`oadS>çmÀ`m Ë`m _oimì`mV {^Þ d`moJQ>mÀ`m ì`º$s§À`m {^Þ A{^dmXZ nÜXVr `m g_mOm_Ü`o Joë`m gìdmeo dfmªÀ`m H$mimV Pmboë`m pñWË`§VamMoM EH$ à{VH$ hmoVo. Y_m©VamÀ`mAmYr BVam§Zm 'Omohma' åhUV A{^dmXZ H$aUmam hm g_mO Z§Va ñdV:Mo doJionU OnÊ`mgmR>r 'O` {¼ñV' H$S>o dibm.

{~«{Q>e A§_b gwê$ hmoÊ`mAmYr _hma g_mOmV A{^dmXZ H$aVmZm 'Omohma Ago åhUÊ`mMr nÜXV hmoVr. S>m° e§H$aamd IamVm§Zr åhQ>bo Amho {H$ g_mOmVrb BVa bmoH$m§à_mUo _hmamZo 'am_ am_' Ago H$Yr åhQ>bo Zmhr, Vmo 'Z_ñH$ma' Agohr H$Yr åhUV Zgo. Vmo \$º$ 'Omohma' Ago Vm|S>mZo åhUV hmoVm. Amnë`m _hma ~m§YdmZm Am{U JmdmVrb BVa gd©M bmoH$m§Zm Vmo'Omohma'M åhUV hmoVm. AWm©V Omohma åhUVmZm VmR> _mZoZo gaXmar nÜXVrZo EoQ>rV Vbdma C§MmdVmV Vgo hmV C§MmdyZ Vmo Z_ñH$ma H$aV hmoVm.

IamVm§À`m _Vo 'Omohma' C?maÊ`m_mJo _hmam§Mr em¡`©ËdmMr A{^_mZmñnX na§nam Amho, `m eãXmer _hmam§Mr {hZVm Z§VaÀ`m H$mimM OmoS>br Jobr. àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ _hmam§Zr Amnbo ñdV§Ì ApñVËd {Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>r, Amnë`m amÁ`H$Ë`m©§Mm _mZgÝ_mZmMo ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r {nT>çmZ{nT>çm 'Omohma' ( A{¾{Xì`) Ho$bo. Ë`m em¡`m©Mm Jm¡ad H$aÊ`mgmR>r Z_ñH$ma H$aVmZm Vo 'Omohma' åhUy bmJbo. _hmam§Zm nwT>o Añn¥í` R>a{dbo Joë`mZ§Va 'Omohma' eãXmMm em¡`©Ëdmer g§~§Y g§nbm Am{U Vo Ë`m§À`m Añn¥í`VoMo ÚmoVH$ ~Zbo. Omohma H$aVmZm _hma 'Omohma _m`~mn' Ago H$YrM åhUV ZìhVm. Omohma H$aVmZm `m eãXm~amo~aM _hmam§Zr BVa JmdH$è`m§Zm '_m`~mn' Agohr åhUÊ`mMm [admO nmS>Ê`mMm S>md Hw$gdmÀ`m AmVë`m JmdH$è`m§Mm hmoVm, _hmam§Zr Vmo H$YrM Ow_mZbm Zmhr Ago S>m°. IamV `m§Zr nwT>o åhQ>bo Amho.1

Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV 'Omohma' hm eãX Añn¥í`VoMo à{VH$ ~Zë`mZo S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§nmgyZ gwê$ Pmboë`m MidirZo 'Omohma' åhUyZ A{^dmXZ H$aUo ~§X H$aUo Am{U ~m~mgmho~m§À`mM ZmdmZo åhUOo 'µO` ^r_' åhUV A{^dmXZ H$aÊ`mMr àWm gwê$ Ho$br

_amR>r {¼ñVr g_mOmV O` {¼ñV hr A{^dmXZmMr àWm ê$T> H$aÊ`mMo lo` AmYw{ZH$ _amR>r n§MH$qd_Yrb EH$ Agboë`m aoìh. Zmam`U dm_Z {Q>iH$ `m§À`mH$S>o OmVo. {Q>iH$m§À`m _¥Ë`wZ§Va n§Mdrg dfm©§Z§Va H°$Wmo{bH$ g_mOmZo `m A{^dmXZnÜXVrMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm, Vmon`ªV åhUOo gZ 1940À`m XeH$mn`ªV H°$Wmo{bH$ bmoH$ nmíMmË` diUmda '`oey {¼ñVmbm Jm¡ad Agmo' Ago b§ã`mMdS>rMo A{^dmXZ H$aV AgV.

' {Zamoß`m' _m{gH$mÀ`m 1940À`m Am°ŠQ>mo~a A§H$mV {¼ñVr A{^dmXZ nÜXVrda EH$ MmanmZr boI N>mnyZ Ambm hmoVm, Ë`mdê$Z {¼ñVr g_mOmV 'O` {¼ñV' åhUyZ A{^dmXZ H$aÊ`mMr àWm àW_ àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> n§{W`m§_Ü`o gwê$ Pmbr ho ñnï> hmoVo.' {Zamoß`m'À`m Ë`mdoiÀ`m àWoà_mUo `m boImÀ`m boIH$mMo Zmd XoÊ`mV Ambobo Zmhr. `m boImV åhQ>bo hmoVo {H$ '~«m÷U H$moUmg ^oQ>Vm§Zm hmV OmoSy>Z Z_ñH$ma H$aVmV. _amR>`mg dmQ>Vo {H$, _Zwî`mbm _mZ Úmdm nU Ë`m§VM XodmMm Ymdm H$amdm, åhUyZ Vo _mÏ`mg hmV bmdyZ am_am_ åhUVmV. _hma d Mm§^ma ho EH$m OwÝ`m Mmbrà_mUo Omohma, åhUOo `moÜXm, qH$dm ho dram, Ago åhUyZ A{^dmXZ H$aVmV. _wgb_mZ ho Xwgè`m _wgb_mZm§g gbm_ Ab`Hw$_ d BVa _mUgm§g gbm_ åhUVmV.''

''Ogo qhXy am_am_ åhUyZ am_mbm _mZ XoVmV, Vgo Amåhr `oeybm _mZ Úmdm, Ago qhXr {¼ñVr `m§Zm dmQ>Uo gmh{OH$ d `mo½` AgyZ Ë`m§Zr ZdrZ [aVr H$mT>ë`m AmhoV. H$moUr àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> {¼ñVr EH$_oH$m§g ^oQ>Vm§Zm 'O` {¼ñV' Ago åhUVmV, d Amnbo _hmamï´>r` H$mWmo{bH$ '`oey {¼ñVmbm Jm¡ad Agmo' Ago åhUVmV, d Ë`mMo CÎma 'gd©H$mi ! Am_oZ' Ago Amho . JwOamWr d qhXr ^mfm ~mobUmao H$mWmo{bH$ AgoM H$aVmV, _mÌ Jm¡adÀ`m EodOr ~T>mB©, d _{h_m, Ago åhUVmV'. Aem àH$maMo A{^dmXZ '\$maM OwZo AgyZ `wamonm§Vrb ~è`mM Xoem§V AmOnmdoVmo àMmam§V Amho' Agohr `m boImV åhQ>bo Amho.2 `mdê$Z Ë`mH$mimV _amR>r H°$Wmo{bH$ g_mOmVrb A{^dmXZmMo _yi B§J«OrVrb 'àoP {X bm°S>©', '\$m°a Eìha, Am_oZ' ho Agmdo Ago {XgVo.

Ë`mZ§Va {S>go§~a 1940À`m ' {Zamoß`m' `m H°$Wmo{bH$ n§{W`m§À`m _m{gH$mV EH$ nÌ {bhÿZ XodXÎm {Q>iH$m§Zr 'O` {¼ñV' `m A{^dmXZ nÜXVrMm OmoaXma nwañH$ma Ho$bm. bú_r~mB© Am{U aoìh {Q>iH$m§À`m `m {Ma§OrdmZo {b{hbobo ho nÌ _yimVyZ dmMÊ`mgmaI} AmhoV. ho nÌ nw{T>bà_mUo hmoVo:3

{¼ñVr bmoH$m§Mo A{^dmXZ

am. am. g§nmXH$ '{Zamoß`m' `m§g --

AmŠQ>mo~a _{hÝ`mÀ`m A§H$mV nmZ 92 da '`oey {¼ñVmbm Jm¡ad Agmo' hm boI dmMbm. Vmo dmMVm dmMVm Ama§^r AmnmoAmn Agm {dMma Ambm {H$ AmnU 'O` {¼ñV' H$m åhUy Z`o? A{^dmXZmMm àH$ma Oa Vw_À`m Am_À`mV (H°$Wmo{bH$ Am{U àmoQ>oñQ>§Q>) gmaIm Agbm Va H$moR>o {~KS>bo? CbQ> XmoÝhr g_mOm§V gbmo»`mbm EH$ bhmZgoM H$m hmoB©Zm ZdrZ H$maU àmá hmoB©b.

nwT>o dmMVm dmMVm AmnU 'O` {¼ñV' hm A{^dmXZmMm C„oI Ho$bobm Amho d Ë`m{déÜX H$mhr _V àX{e©V Ho$bo Zmhr ho nmhÿZ AmZ§X dmQ>bm d ho nÌ Amnë`mH$S>o à{gÜXrgmR>r nmR>{dÊ`mg Yra Ambm.

O` {¼ñV Ago åhUÊ`mMr XmoZ à_wI H$maUo AmhoV. EH$ Ago {H$ A{^dmXZmg bhmZ d gwQ>gwQ>rV eãX qH$dm eãXg_wM` bmJVmo. gbm_, am_am_, Omohma ho gd© EH$EH$Q>o eãX AmhoV. d Ë`m_wio XmoZ _mUgo ^oQ>VmM `m eãXm§Mm C?ma WmoS>Š`mV d MQ>H$Z Vr H$ê$Z Amnë`m _ZmVrb ^md àH$Q> H$aVmV. O` {¼ñV `m EodOr Ë`mM AWm©Mm EH$Q>m eãX AgVm qH$dm AW©^[aV Agm ~Z{dVm Ambm AgVm Va A{YH$ ~ao Pmbo AgVo. na§Vw øm Ñï>rZo EH$ eãX {_iUo AeŠ`M Agë`mZo Ë`m EodOr XmoZ eãX dmnamdo ho ~ao.

Xwgao Ago {H$ Amnbm à^y `oey hm em§VrMm amOm Agë`mZo Ë`mMm O`O`H$ma Ho$ë`mZo AmnU Ë`mÀ`m VÎdmMm A§{JH$ma Ho$ë`mgmaIo hmoVo. `mV AmUIr Ago hmoVo {H$ Ë`mMm O`O`H$ma Ho$ë`mZo AmnU ñdV:H$S>o {bZVm KoVmo (åhUOo Z_ñH$mamMr ^mdZm `oD$Z AmnU EH$_oH$m§nwT>o _mZ dmH${dÊ`mEodOr Ë`mÀ`m nwT>o _mZ dmH${dVmo). AmnU Amnë`m à^yMr AmR>dU H$aVmo (`mV am_am_ åhUVmZm Ho$di am_mMo Zmd Vm|S>mVyZ `mdo BVH$m dadaMm hoVy ZgyZ Ë`mnojm WmoS>m A{YH$ Imob AW© A{^àoV hmoVmo. åhUOo Amnë`mbm Ë`mMr AmR>dU hmoVo.) Am{U Omohmahr Oer `wÜXmMr Amamoir Amho VerM O` O` {hhr `wÜXmMr Amamoir Amho. _mÌ hr `wÜX {O§H$ë`mMr Amamoir Amho. Agm `m O` eãXmV {Vhoar qH$dm Mma àH$maMo AW© A{^àoV AgyZ Vo A{^dmXZ gwQ>gwQ>rV Amho.

àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> {¼ñVr bmoH$m§V O` {¼ñV åhUVmV Ago Oo AmnU åhUVm Vo AJXrM ~amo~a Amho Ago Zmhr. eoH$S>m 5 Q>¸o$ _mUgo gwÜXm O` {¼ñV åhUV ZmhrV ho _mÂ`m gmè`m _hmamï´>mVrb àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> {¼ñVr bmoH$m§À`m àË`j _m{hVrdê$Z _r åhUVmo. O` {¼ñV åhUmdo Aem àH$maMm R>amd EImÚm à_wI O~m~Xma ì`º$s d A{YH$ma Agboë`m {~engma»`m ì`º$sZo qH$dm {gZoS>Zo qH$dm H$m±{J«JoeZZo Ho$bobm Zmhr. hm àMma nmS>Ê`mMm à`ËZ _mÂ`m d{S>bm§Zr d Z§Va _r Ho$bm. na§Vw Ë`m§V Amåhmbm `e Ambo Zmhr EdT>oM `oWo Z_yX H$amdogo dmQ>Vo.

amo_Z H°$Wmo{bH$ d àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> {¼ñVr bmoH$m§Mr gaH$maZo amOH$s` ~m~Vr§V gm§JS> KmVbobrM Amho. BVahr H$mhr ~m~Vr§V Ë`m§À`mV gmaIonUm `m`bm nm{hOo d nmoemI, ^mfm Ë`mMà_mUo A{^dmXZmMm àH$ma `m§V Oa gmå` Pmbo Va Vr \$ma AmZ§XmMr Jmoï> hmoB©b.

AmnU Oa Amnë`m dmMH$m§Zm O` {¼ñV ho CMbÊ`mg gwMdmb Va _r _mÂ`m {¼ñVr ZmJarH$ nÌm§VyZ Ë`mMm àMma àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> bmoH$m§V H$arZ. hm àH$ma àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> bmoH$m§Mm Amho hm g_O MwH$sMm Amho ho _r da XmI{dboM Amho. à^w {¼ñVmda ^md R>odUmè`m gdm©§Mm hm àH$ma Amho.

hm ng§V Zgob Va AmnU Xwgam EH$ qH$dm XmoZ eãXm§Mm àH$ma gwMdm d Ë`mMm àMma _r H$arZ. _mÌ Ë`m àMmamZo _amR>r ^mfoMm IyZ nS>ob Ago hmoD$ Z XoÊ`mMr I~aXmar ¿`m`bm nm{hOo, åhUOo Vo Á`mbm {_eZar _amR>r åhUVmV Agbo Agy XoVm Cn`moJr Zmhr.

XodXÎm Zmam`U {Q>iH$

ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV _mÌ H°$Wmo{bH$ \$mXam§Zr Am{U g_mOmZo aoìh {Q>iH$m§Zr gwê$ Ho$boë`m 'O` {¼ñV' `m A{^dmXZmMmM ñdrH$ma Ho$bm. AJXr A{bH$S>À`m H$mimn`ªV nmoñQ>H$mS>m©Zo dm Am§VaXoer` H$mS>m©Zo Iwembr H$i{dÊ`mMr dm g§nH©$ R>odÊ`mMr arV hmoVr Voìhm _amR>r {¼ñVr bmoH$ Amnë`m nÌmMr gwê$dmV 'O` {IñV' Zo H$aV AgV. emim-H$m°boOmV AgVmZm Kar {b{hboë`m _mÂ`m nÌm§Mr gwê$dmVhr `m A{^dmXZmZoM hmoV Ago. {¼ñVr Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m

b¾n{ÌH$m N>mnm`bm Amë`m {H$ Ah_XZJa, Am¡a§Jm~mX Am{U Zm{eH$ n[agamVrb Hw$R>bmhr A{¼ñVr _wÐH$ AJXr Z {dMmaVm 'lr JUoe àgÞ' À`m OmJr 'lr {¼ñV àgÞ' Ago Q>mHy$Z _m`Ý`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr 'O` {¼ñV' {b{hVmo, BVH$s hr na§nam `oWrb g_mOmV ê$ibr Amho.

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV _mÌ `m doJù`m A{^dmXZnÜXVrMr JaO Z ^mgë`mZo ~hþg§»` g_mOmà_mUo 'Z_ñH$ma' Am{U nmíMmË` nÜXVrZo B§J«OrV A{^dmXZ H$aUo Zì`m {nT>rZo gwê$ Ho$bo Amho.

g§X^©:

1) S>m°. e§H$aamd IamV, '_hmamï´>mVrb _hmam§Mm B{Vhmg - OmVrMr CËnÎmr d {dH$mgmMm B{Vhmg' (nmZo 64 Am{U 65)

2) '{Zamoß`m' _m{gH$, Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1940 (nmZ 92)

3) XodXÎm Zmam`U {Q>iH$ `m§Mo nÌ, '{Zamoß`m' _m{gH$, {S>g|~a 1940 (nmZ 132 Am{U 133)

Objection to the label 'Christian Mahar' (Marathi)

 JmdHw$gm~mhoaMm {¼ñVr g_mO,  H$m{_b nmaIo

gwJmdm àH$meZ, nwUo

8) ' {¼ñVr _hma ' eãXmbm Amjon

_hma Am{U _m§J `m Añn¥í` OmVtVyZ {¼ñVr Y_mªV àdoe Ho$boë`m bmoH$m§Zm `m Y_mªVam_wio EH$ Zdr AmoiI Am{U Apñ_Vm {_idyZ {Xbr. ho Y_mªVa åhUOo Añn¥í` àWo{déÜX, `m bmoH$m§da eVH$moZweVHo$ Ho$boë`m gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$ Am{U Am{W©H$ AÝ`m`m{déÜX Ho$bobm EH$ gm_wXm{`H$ {~Ðmoh, ~§S>M hmoVm. Y_mªVam_wio Ë`m§Zm EH$ AmË_gÝ_mZ àmá Pmbm. Ë`m_wio Amnë`mbm {¼ñVr _hma qH$dm {¼ñVr _m§J åhUyZ g§~moYUo Ë`m§Zm An_mZmñnX dmQy> bmJbo. `m _mZ{gH$Vobm H$mhr gm_m{OH$ g§X^© {ZpíMVM AmhoV. 'X _hma \$moH$' `m gZ 1938 gmbr AboŠPm§S>a am°~Q>©gZ `mZo {b{hboë`m nwñVH$mVhr darb _mZ{gH$VoMo dU©Z H$aÊ`mV Ambo.1 ''AZoH$ bmoH$XoIrb Ooìhm Vo _hma OmVrMo AmhoV Aer H$~wbr XoVmV Voìhm Ë`m§À`m AmdmOmV ñdm{^_mZmMm A^md d ea_oMr ~m~ AgVo. _hmam§VyZ {¼ñVr Pmbobo bmoH$ {¼ñVr Pmë`m~Ôb ñdm{^_mZ ~miJVmV d AmnU nyduMo _hma hmoVmo `m CJ_ñWmZmda Omoa XoV ZmhrV, Vgm C„oI H$aUo Q>miVmV.'' ho nwñVH$ {b{hë`mZ§Va nmD$Ueo dfmªMm H$mi CbQ>ë`mZ§Vahr `m n[apñWVrV \$magm ~Xb Pmbobm Zmhr.

eham§V dmñVã`mg Jobobo _amR>r {¼ñVr {_ñgogmR>r Xa a{ddmar qH$dm BVa Hw$R>ë`mM {Xder XodimV OmV Zmhr Aer VH«$ma H$aUmam boI \$mXa nm`g J¡gb `m§Zr '{Zamoß`m' À`m _mM© 1943À`m A§H$mV {b{hbm hmoVm. _mÌ Ë`m§À`m VH«$marÀ`m _yi {df`mnojm Ë`m§Zr ñWm{ZH$ {¼ñVr bmoH$m§Zm CÔoeyZ dmnabobm ' {¼ñVr _hma' hm eãXM ehadm{g`m§Zm Iyn Pm|~bm Ago {XgVo. \$mXa J¡gb Ë`mZ§Va AZoH$ df} Ah_XZJa {OëømVrb `oeyg§KmMo à_wI hmoVo, Ë`m ZmË`mZo Ë`m§Zr `m {OëømV _amR>r {¼ñVr bmoH$m§gmR>r VgoM ~hþg§»` g_mOmgmR>r emim, lram_nyaMo g§V byH$ hm°pñnQ>b gmaIo AZoH$ àH$ën \$mXa J¡gb `m§Zr Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV gwê$ Ho$bo. Ë`m_wio {¼ñVr g_mOm{df`r Ë`m§Zm Agboë`m AmñWo{df`r _wirM e§H$m KoVm `oV Zmhr. _mÌ JmdJmS>çmVyZ EH$Xm ~mhoa nS>ë`mZ§Va '{¼ñVr _hma ' `m eãXà`moJmVyZ nwÝhm Ë`mV AS>Hy$Z nS>Ê`mMr `m g_mOmVrb ZmJar qH$dm {e{jV bmoH$m§Mr Ë`mdoirhr BÀN>m ZìhVr ho `mdê$Z ñnï> {XgyZ `oVo.

`mg§X^m©V \$m. J¡gb `m§À`m n{hë`m boImVrb gwê$dmVrMm n[aÀN>oX nw{T>bà_mUo hmoVm:

"JwìhoH$a OmVmV, _Ðmgr bmoH$ OmVmV, nU "

AmnU {_eZar H$mhr H$m_mH$[aVm nwÊ`mbm, IS>H$sbm, ZJambm OmVmo Voìhm Am_À`m H$mZm§da nwT>rb eãX nS>ë`m{edm` amhV ZmhrV: 'JwìhoH$a Xodmb`m§V `oVmV, _Ðmgr bmoH$ Xodmb`m§V `oVmV nU {¼ñVr _hma a{ddmargwÜXm `oVmV Va enW. nwîH$i OU A{VJ[a~r_wio a{ddmargwÜXm nmoQ> ^amdo åhUyZ H$m_ H$aVmV `m{df`r VH«$ma Zmhr. na§Vw n. {_ñgm ~hþVoH$ gdmªZm EoH$Uo eŠ` Amho, \$º$ _hma H$m_ H$aUmao _mUgo AmhoV H$m?? JwìhoH$a d _Ðmgr bmoH$ {Zìdi [aH$m_Q>oH$S>o AmhoV H$m?

Va _J Amnbo {¼ñVr _hma a{ddmar n. {_ñgm EoH$Ê`mMr h`J` H$aVmV `mMo H$m` H$maU Agmdo?''?2

`mZ§Va nwT>À`mM _{hÝ`mV åhUOo E{àb 1943À`m A§H$mV \$mXa J¡gb `m§Mm nwT>rb boI à{gÜX Pmbm hmoVm.

'' _hmamï´>r` {¼ñVr OZhmo

JmodoH$a OmVmV, _Ðmgr OmVmV nU-

`m _Wù`mImbr '{Zamoß`m'À`m _mM© _{hÝ`mÀ`m A§H$mV Omo boI _r à{gÜX Ho$bm Amho, Vmo {H$Ë`oH$m§Zm Q>mo§MUma Amho, `mMr _bm nyU© OmUrd hmoVr. Vw_À`m amJmMm ~mU Xwgè`m H$moUmda Z gwQ>mdm åhUyZ _mPr ghr _r Ho$bobr Amho; Agmo. Vwåhmbm Amnë`m ñdV:da åhUOo Amnë`m ñdV:À`m Xodmb`m§V OmÊ`mÀ`m h`JB©da amJ `oB©b Aer _bm JmoS> Amem hmoVr. na§Vw Vr Amem \$mob R>abr Ago {XgVo. Vw_À`m amJmMm {df` _r dmnabobm eãX ' {¼ñVr _hma' hmM Amho. Vwåhmbm XwImdÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo hm eãX _r dmnabm Ago _bm AmoiIUmam H$moUrM åhUUma Zmhr hr _mPr ImÌr Amho. `m ~mOybm ~hþVoH$ gd© {¼ñVr A{^_mZmZo Amnë`mbm '_hma' åhUVmV. AWm©V _r IoS>oJmdMm AgyZ IoS>oJmdÀ`m ^mfoV ~mobbmo. Vwåhr ehamVbo AgyZ '_hma' `m eãXmMm ~{hîH$ma H$[aVm ho _bm H$moRy>Z R>mD$H$? åhUyZ _r H$m` H$ê$? Vwåhmbm H$go g§~moYmdo? 'JmodoH$a {¼ñVr'', ''_Ðmgr {¼ñVr'' Ago åhUVmV Va Vwåhmbm H$m` Zmd Úmdo? ''_hmamï´>r` {¼ñVr'' åhUmdo H$m`? Va g_Om {H$ ''_hmamï´> '' `m eãXmÀ`m ì`wËnÎmr~Ôb AWm©V AË`§V {dÛmZ bmoH$m§Zr nwT>o {Xë`mà_mUo MMm© Ho$br Amho. ''_hmamï´> åhUOo _hma + amï´> = _hmam§Mm Xoe Amho''. `m ì`wËnÎmrg Agm AmYma Amho {H$ , _hma OmVrMr dñVr _hmamï´>mV nwîH$iM Amho. Vwåhmbm VoUoH$ê$Z _hmamï´>r` {¼ñVr Oa g§~mo{Ybo Va H$moU OmUo Vw_Mm amJ COyZ (nwÝhm EH$Xm) _Oda ~gob. BH$S>o {dhra, {VH$S>o AmS> Aer _mPr pñWVr Pmbobr Amho. Ago AgVm AmnUmbm _r H$go g§~moYmdo åhUyZ H$idmb Va \$ma _oha~mZr hmoB©b.

Amnbm :- _hmamï´>r` Y_©Jwê$

nr. J¡gb

`m nÌmbm OmoSy>ZM '{Zamoß`m'À`m `wamo{n`Z {_eZar Agboë`m g§nmXH$m§Zr dmMH$m§À`m '_hma' `m eãXmÀ`m Amjonm~Ôb Imbrb {Q>nÊUr à{gÜX Ho$br hmoVr.3

"Vwåhmbm _hmam§Mm g§~§Y ZH$mo åhUyZ AmZ§X dmQ>Vmo. Va Vwåhr nwT>o ({¼ñVr Z Pmboë`m) _hmam§~amo~a b¾ gwÜXm H$aUma Zmhr Aer Amem YaVm `oB©b H$m?? Vwåhr _hmaH$s gmoSy>Z XoÊ`mg V`ma Amhm H$m`? '_amR>r {¼ñVr ' ho Zmd _mÝ` Amho H$m`?

(g§nmXH$)

_hma `m eãXmbm ehadm{g`m§Zr 1940À`m XeH$mV Amjon KoVbm. ñdmV§Í`moËVa H$mimV J«m_rU ^mJmVrb AZoH$ _amR>r bmoH$m§Zr eham§H$S>o dmQ>Mmb Ho$br. _mÌ ehar `m bmoH$m§Mm `m eãXm{df`rMm Vrd« Amjon H$m`_ am{hbm. gZ 1995 gmbr X{bV {¼ñVr _amR>r gm{hË` g§_obZmMo AÜ`j XodXÎm hþgio `m§À`m nwT>rb dmŠ`mVyZ hoM ñnï> hmoVo. ''IoS>çmV gdU© g_mO {¼íMZm§Zm AmS>nS>ÚmZo _hma, _m§J, ^§JrM g§~mo{YVmo, ho _w§~B©-nwÊ`mVë`m§Zm Jmdr Z `oVm H$go H$iUma? gË` n[apñWVrMr AZw^yVr ¿`m d _J ñdV:bm gdU© åhUm !'' Ago hþgio `m§Zr Amnë`m ^mfUmV åhQ>bo Amho.4

g§X^©"

1) AboŠPm§S>a am°~Q>©gZ, '_hma bmoH$ - _hmamï´>mVrb Añn¥í`m§Mm Aä`mg'. _amR>r ^mfm§Va {^wjw grd{b~moYr, ñ_aU X{hdbo, (Xwgar Amd¥Îmr 1991) (nmZ 9)

2)' {Zamoß`m' _m{gH$, _mM© 1943, (nmZ 152)

3)'{Zamoß`m' _m{gH$, E{àb 1943 (nmZ 173)

4) gwZrb í`m_gw§Xa AmT>md (g§nmXH$ d g_rjH$), 'Y_© {¼ñVmMm, {dMma gm{hË`mMm - eVH$mVrb {¼ñVr gm{hË` g§_obZmÜ`jr` ^mfUo Am{U Ë`mdarb g_rjm', (nmZ 346)

Christian missionaries in Maharashtra (Marathi)

 JmdHw$gm~mhoaMm {¼ñVr g_mO,  H$m{_b nmaIo

gwJmdm àH$meZ, nwUo

7) naXoer {¼ñVr {_eZar

Ah_XZJa, OmbZm Am{U Am¡a§Jm~mX {Oëøm§Vrb {¼ñVr Hw$Qw>§~m§V {Ia_m`a, ~oëga, ñQw>_©, ~|P, Poån, hmëXZa. ñb°pßgg. J¡gb. _m`a, {gŠñV, dmñgaa, ~°b§Q>mB©Z, µJ§Q>a, S>moar§J, ~mIa, \o$a}a, Jm°S>©Z hm°b, ew{~Ja, Om{H$`a, øy_, boXb}, {gñQ>a {g{g{b`m Am{U {gñQ>a {¼ñVrZm Aer O_©Z, Am°pñQ´>`Z, ñdrg, \«o$§M Am{U A_o[aH$Z {_eZatMr Zmdo AJXr n[a{MV AmhoV. hr Zmdo Agboë`m Y_©Jwê$ dm {gñQ>am§er Amnë`m Am`wî`mV H$Yr ^oQ> Pmbr Zmhr qH$dm hr Zmdo H$Yrhr H$mZmda nS>br Zmhr Ago gm§JUmar AmO Mmirer dm nÞmerÀ`m Amgnmg Agbobr EH$hr H°$Wmo{bH$ dm àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> ì`º$s `m {Oëøm§V gmnS>Uma Zmhr. Joë`m nmdUoXmoZeo dfmªV _hmamï´>mÀ`m `m {Oëøm§V g_mOOrdZmÀ`m {d{dY joÌm§V _wb^yV ñdê$nmMo `moJXmZ H$aUmè`m H°$Wmo{bH$ Am{U àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> {_eZar§Mr g§»`m XmoZeohÿZ A{YH$ Amho.1

da C„oIbobr Zmdo Agboë`m naXoer {_eZatZr `m {OëømVrb àË`oH$ H°$Wmo{bH$ Hw$Qw>§~mer Joë`m nÞmg dfmªV EH$ doµJioM ^md{ZH$ ZmVo {Z_m©U Ho$bo Amho. ào{fVH$m`© H$aVm§Zm `m {_eZatMr {OëømVrb doJdoµJù`m {_eZH|$Ðm§V ~Xbr hmoV Ago, Ë`m_wio `m gdm©MmM {OëømVrb àË`oH$ Hw$Qw>§~mer H$Yr Zm H$Yr g§~§Y `oV AgoM. AJXr A{bH$S>À`m H$mimn`ªV AZoH$ {¼ñVr Hw$Qw>§~m§Mr Zmi emim, ~mo{S>©J, XdmImZm, ZmoH$ar qH$dm Am{W©H$ gmhmæ` `m H$maUm§_wio \$mXa~mS>rer OmoS>bobr Ago. Ë`m{edm` ~m{áñ_m, n{dÌ H$å`w{Z`Z, {ddmh, A§Ë`g§ñH$ma dJ¡ao ñZmZg§ñH$mam§_wio àË`oH$ Hw$Qw>§~mMm `m \$mXam§er WoQ> g§nH©$ AQ>i Ago. Ë`m_wioM `m `wamo{n`Z \$mXam§Mm Am{U Ë`mMà_mUo {gñQ>am§Mm _amR>r {¼ñVr g_mOOrdZmda àË`j Am{U AàË`j[aË`m \$ma _moR>m à^md nS>bm Amho. `m \$mXam§Zr Am{U {gñQ>am§Zr `oWrb J«m_rU n[agamV _moR>_moR>r Xodio, XdmImZo, emim, dgVrJ¥ho Am{U BVa g§ñWm§Mr g§Hw$bo C^r Ho$br. ho gd© {Z_m©U hmoV AgVm§ZmM ho {_eZar `oWrb {¼ñVr Am{U {~Ja{¼ñVr g_mOmMrhr OS>UKS>U H$aV hmoVo. Ë`m§À`mM AWH$ à`ËZm§VyZ AmO Ah_XZJa, OmbZm Am{U Am¡a§Jm~mX `m {Oëøm§V amhUmè`m qH$dm Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV nwUo, Zm{eH$, _w§~B© Am{U ZmJnwamV ñWm{`H$ Pmboë`m {¼ñVr g_mOmÀ`m e¡j{UH$, Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ àJVrg hmV^ma bmJbm Amho.2

AmOÀ`m H$mimV Y_©Jwê$ åhQ>bo {H$ Ë`m§Mm g_mOmÀ`m Ho$di AmÜ`mpË_H$ ~m~r§nwaVmM g§~Y Agob Ago

J¥{hV Yabo OmVo. _moR>çm eham§V a{ddmaMr {_ñgm Am{U ~m{áñå`mgma»`m {d{dY gm§H«$m_|VmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmnwaVmM h„r Y_©Jwê$§Mm {¼ñVr Hw$Qw>§~mer g§~§Y am{hbm Amho. _mÌ Joë`m gììdmeo dfm©À`m H$mimV {d{eï> gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ g§X^m©_wio Aer n[apñWVr ZìhVr.Ah_XZJa {OëømV A_o[aH$Z _amR>r {_eZ `m àmoQ>oñQ>§Q>n§{W` {_eZatMo H$m`© 1831 gmbr gwê$ Pmbo Am{U Ë`mZ§Va H°$Wmo{bH$ {_eZar§ VoWo 1878 gmbr nmohmoMbo.3 {¼ñVr {_eZatMo `m {Oëøm§V ào{fVH$m`© gwê$ Pmë`mnmgyZ Z§Va Jobr OdiOdi {XS>XmoZeo dfmªn`ªV ~hþg§»` _amR>r {¼ñVr hm g_mO nyU©nUo {_eZatda AZoH$ ~m~VrV Adb§~yZ am{hbm hmoVm.g_mOmVrb n{hbr {nT>r nXdrYa hmoB©n`ªV qH$dm Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm ñdmdb§~r hmoB©n`ªV hr n[apñWVr H$m`_ am{hbr.

g_mOmZo ImbÀ`m OmVrMo åhUyZ hoQ>mibobm Am{U gaH$maZo Ë`m§À`m h¸$mÀ`m gdbVr ZmH$maë`mZo {dH$mgmMr Xmao ~§X Pmboë`m `m g_mOmbm àJVr gmYÊ`mgmR>r {dgmì`m eVH$mV {_eZat{edm` Xwgam Hw$R>bmM AmYma ZìhVm. Ë`m_wio \$mXa~mS>rV amhÿZ VoWo H°$Q>o{H$ñQ>, {ejH$, {enmB©, S´>m`ìha, XdmImÝ`m§V Am`m Am{U PmSy>dmë`m dm {_iob Vo H$m_ H$ê$Z qH$dm \$mXam§Zr eoVrgmR>r Ho$boë`m _XVrda `m bmoH$m§Zr ñdmV§Í`nyd© Am{U ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV JwOamU Ho$br. Ah_XZJa Am{U Am¡a§Jm~mX {Oëøm§V haoJmd, g§J_Zoa, amhmVm, H|$Xi, KmoJaJmd, ~moaga dJ¡ao J«m_rU ^mJm§V {_eZatZr ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimVM àmW{_H$ emim CYS>ë`m hmoË`m. g§J_ZoamV _wbm§Zr Amnë`m g|Q> _oarO ñHy$b_Ü`o {eH$Ê`mgmR>r `mdo `mgmR>r \$mXa dmB©ghm¡ßQ> `m§Zr 1900À`m Xaå`mZ {H$Vr H$ï> KoVbo ho nm{hbo åhUOo {_eZatÀ`m `m gm_m{OH$ godoMo Hw$Urhr H$m¡VwH$M H$aob. `m emim§_wio J«m_rU ^mJm§V gd© OmVrY_mªÀ`m Am{U _w»` åhUOo X{bVm§Zmhr {ejUmMr Xmao n{hë`m§XmM Iwbr Pmbr. `m emim§V gmVdrn`ªV _Ob _mê$ eH$bobo {¼ñVr _wbo-_wbr _J g§J_ZoaÀ`m kmZ_mVm Am{U g|Q> _oarO ñHy$bÀ`m ~moS>vJ_Ü`o amhÿZ AmR>dr-Zddrn`ªV H$go~go nmohmoMV. Ë`mn¡H$s ~hþVoH$ _wbo Amnbr e¡j{UH$ Hw$dV qH$dm nmbH$m§Mr Am{W©H$ Hw$dV AmoiIyZ _°Q´>rH$AmYrM nwÊ`mÀ`m g|Q> Omogo\$ Q>opŠZH$b B§pñQ>Q>çyQ>Mr dmQ> YarV. `oeyg§Kr` Y_©Jwê§$Zr Mmb{dboë`m Ë`mH$mimV AË`§V ZmdmOboë`m `m Am`Q>rAm`_Ü`o hr _wbo {\$Q>a, dm`a_Z, _oH°${ZH$ dJ¡ao H$mog© H$arV. Ë`mH$mimV nwÊ`mV ZwH$VoM doJdoJù`m _moR>çm H§$nÝ`m gwê$ Pmë`m hmoË`m. VoWrb ~OmO, Q>oëH$mo, J«rìO, Jadmao dJ¡ao H§$nZr§_Ü`o `m Vê$Um§Zm ZmoH$è`m {_imë`m. Am{U àW_M `m g_mOmVrb n{hbr {nT>r dVZmMr O{_Z, dVZXmar, JmdmH$S>Mr Añn¥í`m§Zm {_iUmar dmJUyH$ `mnmgyZ Xya hmoD$Z ehamVrb gwYmaboë`m dmVmdaUmV dmdê$ bmJbr.

IoS>çmnmS>çm§V \$mXa~mS>rVM amhÿZ VoWo H$m_ H$aUmè`m bmoH$m§Zm amhÊ`mgmR>r {_eZatZr H$m¡bmar Mmir ~m§Yë`m. haoJmd, lram_nya, amhmVm, eodJmd, Am{U d¡Omnya VmbwŠ`mVrb KmoJaJmd dJ¡ao {R>H$mUr \$mXa~mS>rÀ`m Amgnmg {¼ñVr g_mO PmonS>rEodOr ñdV:À`m OmJoV {g_|Q>À`m nŠŠ`m Kam§V amhÿ bmJbm. nJmaXmar bmoH$ {_eZatZr {Xboë`m H$Om©À`m, AmJmD$ aH$_oÀ`m ~imda \$mXa~mS>rnmerM OmJm {dH$V KoD$Z ñdV:À`m KamV amhÿ bmJbo. \$mXa~mS>r åhUOo `m g_mOmgmR>r EH$ Zdo {díd ~Zbo. \$mXa~mS>r gmoSy>Z ~mhoa Om`Mo åhQ>ë`mg Ë`m§Zm ñdV:À`m Hw$dVrda Am{W©H$ {dH$mg gmYUo Ë`mH$mimV Var eŠ` ZìhVo. `m {dídm~mhoa Ë`m§Zm gÝ_mZmZo OJUo eŠ` Pmbo ZgVo. {ejUmA^mdr Am{U amIrd OmJm§À`m H$dMmA^mdr gaH$maXa~mar Ë`m§Zm ZmoH$arV ñWmZ ZìhVo. nwT>o OmVrnmVrMo amOH$maU gwê$ Pmë`mZo ImgJr qH$dm ghH$mar g§ñWm§V Ë`m§Mr S>mi {eOV ZìhVr. Zm KaH$m, Zm KmQ>H$m Aer pñWVr Pmë`mZo {¼ñVr {_eZarM `mH$mimV Ë`m§Mo _m`~mn ~Zbo.

J«m_rU ^mJm§V AZoH$ XeHo$ ~hþg§»` {¼ñVr Hw$Qw>§~m§Vrbhr {H$_mZ EH$ Var ì`º$s \$mXa~mS>rV Hw$R>ë`m Z Hw$R>ë`m nXmda H$m_ H$aV Agm`Mr. AZoH$Xm VrM ì`º$s Ë`m Hw$Qw>§dmVrb EH$_od H$_mdVr ì`º$s Agm`Mr. AmOhr `m n[apñWVrV \$magm \$aH$ nS>bobm Zmhr. Ë`mH$mimV EH$m {_eZñWmZm_Ü`o AmgnmgÀ`m AZoH$ IoS>çm§Mm g_mdoe ìhm`Mm. Ë`m JmdmV Y_©Jwê$§Mr _{hÝ`mVyZ EH$Xm {_ñgogmR>r \o$ar ìhm`Mr. _mÌ Ë`m JmdmVrb àË`oH$ {¼ñVr ì`º$s \$mXam§À`m Mm§Jë`m n[aM`mMr Agm`Mr. CnmgZm hmoÊ`mAmYr qH$dm Z§Va Ë`m Hw$Qw>§~m§Vrb gwIXw:ImÀ`m Jmoï>r \$mXam§Zm H$im`À`m. `m g_mOmÀ`m AÜ`mpË_H$ JaOm ^mJdVmZmM Ë`m§À`m Am{W©H$, H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ A{S>AS>MUr Xya H$aÊ`mghr ho {_eZar _XV H$am`Mo. EImXm XmXbm Amnë`m ~m`H$mobm Zm§X{dV Zgob dm EImXr gmgwadm{eU gmgar Om`bm ZmIwe Agbr Va \$mXam§Zr XmoKm§Zmhr ehmUnUmMo ~mob gm§JyZ _Ü`ñWr H$amdr Aer Ë`m§À`m nmbH$m§Mr Anojm Ago. ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimVrb XmoZ _hm`wÜXm§À`m H$mimV AZoH$ O_©Z {_eZar§Zm Vwé§Jdmg KS>bm, naXoemVyZ `oUmè`m Hw$R>ë`mhr ñdê$nmÀ`m _XVrdahr XrK©H$mi {Z~ªY Ambo. Xw~©i KQ>H$m§À`m _XVrgmR>r gVV nwT>o OmUmao {_eZatMo hmV `m H$mimV IynM AdKS>bobo hmoVo.

gZ 1960 Am{U 1970 À`m XeH$m§V `oeyg§Kr` {_eZar naXoem§VyZ Ambobo YmÝ`, Vob Am{U JmoR>dë`m XyYmMr nmdS>a hbmIrMr n[apñWVr AgUmè`m Hw$Qw>§~m§_Ü`o dmQ>V AgV ho _r nm{hbo Amho. `m _XVr_Ü`o ~ëJa `m ZmdmMo A_o[aH$Z YmÝ` Agm`Mo. ' \«$m°_ A_o[aH$m {dW bìh' hr B§J«Or Am{U 'A_o[aH$s OZVmH$s ^oQ>' ho qhXr eãX Agboë`m Á`wQ>gmaa»`m JmoÊ`m§VyZ ho ~ëJa dmQ>bo Om`Mo. OmS> ImH$s H$mJXm§Mr grb~§Y Agbobr XwYmMr {nedr \$moSy>Z Ë`mVrb XwYmMr nmdS>arMo AZoH$ Hw$Qw>§~m§_Ü`o dmQ>n ìhm`Mo. Mm¡H$moZr Mma -nmM {bQ>aÀ`m JmoS>oVobmMo S>~ohr JaOy bmoH$m§Zm {Xbo Om`Mo. {deof åhUOo naXoemVyZ `oUmè`m `m _XVrMo {¼ñVr Hw$Qw>§~m~amo~aM {~Ja{¼ñVr JaOy ì`º$s A{U Hw$Qw>§~m§Vhr dmQ>n ìhm`Mo.

AZoH$ df} {_eZatZrhr Amnë`m Hw$dVrZwgma `m bmoH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$, e¡j{UH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ àJVrgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bo. ñdmV§Í`moVa H$mimV naXoer {_eZatÀ`m ^maVmVrb dmñVì`mda {Z~ªYo bmXÊ`mV Ambr. Zm{eH$ {OëømVrb _Z_mS> ehamV bmoH$m§gmR>r AZoH$ {dH$mg`moOZm am~Umao ñn°{Ze Y_©Jwê$ \$mXa {dÝgoQ> \o$aoam `m§À`m~m~VrV {Z_m©U Ho$bobo H$mhÿa AOyZhr bmoH$m§À`m Mm§Jbo ñ_aUmV Amho. ñdmV§Í`m§Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV Zdo naXoer {_eZar Ah_XZJa {Oëøm§V Am{U XoemÀ`m BVa ^mJm§V _moR>çm g§»`oZo Ambo ZmhrV. Oo nyduM Ambo hmoVo, Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m nyU© h`mVrV åhUOo AJXr d`mMr ZìdXr JmR>on`ªV `oWrb JaOy, Cno{jV g_mOmMr godm Ho$br.

`wamon- A_o[aHo$VyZ `m naŠ`m _wbwImV EoZ Vmê$Ê`mV `oD$Z `oWrb H$S>H$ D$Z, doJù`m nÜXVrMm Amhma Am{U AË`§V H$ï>mMr OrdZe¡br nËH$ê$Z XoIrb `mn¡H$s AZoH$ {_eZatZm OUyH$mhr Ë`m§À`m godoMo \$i åhUyZ XrKm©`wî` {_imë`mMo {XgVo. ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV KmoS>çm§dê$Z, N>H$S>çm§dê$Z,nm`rnm`r qH$dm gm`H$btdê$Z JmdmoJmdr àdmg H$aUmè`m Am{U ñWm{ZH$ Ádmar-^mH$arÀ`m ^mH$argmaIo AÞ nM{dUmè`m {~en hoZ«r S>moatJ, Om{H$`a~m~m, em°H$, ñQw>_©, ñQ>mH©$, [aMS>© dmñgaa, ñQ>m\$Za, ~mXa, hmëXZa, nm`g J¡gb dJ¡ao naXoer {_eZatZm Hw$Umbmhr hodm dmQ>ob Ago Amamo½` Am{U {XKm©`wî` bm^bo. AJXr ZìdXr nma Ho$ë`mZ§Vahr `mn¡H$s AZoH$ Y_©Jwê$ àH¥$VrZo AJXr V§XwéñV hmoVo. ZìdXr nma Ho$boë`m nwÊ`mMo AmM©{~en hoZ«r S>moatJ MmbVmZm Ìmg hmoVmo åhUyZ H$mR>r dmnam Agm g„m {Xbm Va Vo Idim`Mo. 'H$mR>r KoD$Z Mmby? _J bmoH$ åhUVrb, hm ~Km, AmVm hm åhmVmam Pmbm!'' 4 Joë`m EH$-XmoZ XeH$m§À`m H$mimV {Ma{dlm§Vr bm^boë`m `m {_eZatÀ`m H$m`m©§Mm bm^ {_imbobo Am{U Ë`m§À`m ghdmgmV Ambobo AZoH$ {¼ñVr Am{U {~Ja{¼ñVr bmoH$ AmO {H$_mZ nÞmer qH$dm gmR>rÀ`m Amgnmg AmhoV. `m {_eZatZr {ejU, gm_m{OH$, Am{U Am{W©H$ joÌmV Ho$boë`m `moJXmZm§Mr `m ì`º$s CÎm_ gmj XoD$ eH$VmV.

^maVr` g_mOmV nwT>rb {nT>çm§gmR>r B{VhmgmMr Zm|X amIÊ`mMr gd` AmT>iV Zmhr Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. `m naXoer {_eZatZm AmnU {dgaV OmV Agbmo Var Ë`m§À`m _m`Xoem§Vrb `wamonmV amo_, O_©Zr Am{U BVa {R>H$mUr `m Y_©Jwê§$Zr Amnë`m ZmVodmB©H$m§Zm, {_Ì_§S>itZm Am{U Y_m©{YH$mè`m§Zm {b{hbobr nÌo, Ë`m§À`m amoO{Zer Am{U VoWrb ñWm{ZH$ ^mfm§V {b{hbobr M[aÌo AmOhr OVZ H$ê$Z R>odbobr AmT>iVmV. _amR>r {¼ñVr g_mOmÀ`m BVHo$M Zìho Va _hmamï´>mVrb VËH$mbrZ g_mOmÀ`m B{VhmgmÀ`m Ñï>rZo hr H$mJXnÌo EH$ _m¡ë`dmZ R>odmM Amho. Amnbm B{Vhmg OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r `wamonmVrb hr O_©Z Am{U b°Q>rZ ^mfm§Vrb hr H$mJXnÌo Yw§S>mim`Mr nmir `mdr hr Zm_wîH$sM åhUmdr bmJob. _amR>r g§V dmS²>:_`mMo g§emoYH$ aoìô. OñQ>rZ ES>dS>© A°~Q> `m§Zm 1920À`m Xaå`mZ B§½bS>_Ü`o Wm°_g ñQ>r\$ÝgZo gmoimì`m eVH$mV {b{hboë`m ' {H«$ñVnwamU' `m _amR>r _hmH$mì`mMr XodZmJar {bnrVrb hñV{bIrV àV AerM Ho$di AnKmVmZoM gmnS>br hmoVr.5 O_©Z Am{U ñdrg Y_©àm§VmÀ`m `oeyg§{K`m§Zr Ho$boë`m npíM_ ^maVmV åhUOo _hmamï´>, Jmodm Am{U JwOamV `m amÁ`m§V ào{fVH$m`m©g 2004 _Ü`o {XS>eo df} nyU© Pmbr, Ë`m{Z{_Îm `m O_©Z, ñdrg, Am°pñQ´>`Z `oeyg§{K` d«VñÏ`m§À`m H$m_mMm AmT>mdm KoUmar EH$ ñ_a{UH$m àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. Ë`mdoir `oeyg§{K`m§Zr OnyZ R>odboë`m b°{Q>Z Am{U O_©Z nÌm§Mo, Zm|Xr§Mo Am{U BVa H$mJXnÌm§Mo B§J«OrV ^mfm§Va H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. 'aoBg- `mÌm' `m {ef©H$mMr hr ñ_a{UH$m naXoer {_eZatÀ`m godo~Ôb ì`º$ Ho$bobr EH$ H¥$VkVmM Amho.6 Ah_XZJa {OëømVrb gdm©V Cno{jV Agboë`m g_mOKQ>H$m§gmR>r Amnbo nyU© OrdZ g_{n©V Ho$boë`m {_eZatn¡H$s AZoH$ Y_©Jwê$ Am{U {gñQ>g© g§J_Zoa `oWrb g|Q> _oarO hm`ñHy$bÀ`m eoOmarb H$~añWmZmV {Ma{ZÐm KoV AmhoV. BVa {_eZatÀ`m H$~ar nyUo, H|$Xi Am{U lram_nya `oWrb X\$Z^y_rV AmhoV.

'g_ Q>mBåg {X {g_|Q>arO Ama H§$Q>oqZJ _moa {hñQ>ar X°Z _oZr ~wŠg' (H$Yr H$Yr nwñVH$m§nojmhr X\$Z^y_rV A{YH$ B{Vhmg AgVmo) Ago \$mXa Á`mo C~ob_oñga `m O_©ZrVrb Y_©Jwê$§Zr Zm{eH$ H°$Wmo{bH$ Y_©J«m_mÀ`m 2003 gmbr à{gÜX Pmboë`m ñ_a{UHo$V Amnë`m g§XoemV åhQ>bo Amho,7 Vo `mg§X^m©V AJXr bmJy nS>Vo. Ë`m WS>½`m§darb {Mam {ZIiV Joë`m, VoWo {Z`{_VnUo H¥$Vk²>Vmnyd©H$ nUË`m dm _oU~Î`m bmdë`m bmdë`m Joë`m Zmhr Var Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m H$m`mªMo _mob H$_r hmoV Zmhr. `mn¡H$s AZoH$ {_eZatMr Zmdo H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV {dñ_aUmV Jobr Var gìdmeo dfm©§À`m H$mimV Ë`m§Zr {¼ñVr Am{U {~Ja{¼ñVr g_mOmgmR>r Ho$bobr godm {dgabr OmUma Zmhr.

g§X^©:

1) 'X àm°{_g Am°\$ A aoZ~mo- E {Q´>ã`wQ> Am°\$ bìh Qy> Ada {_eZarO X dobpñà¨J Am°\$ hmon \$m°a X \w$Ma' - Zm{eH$ H°$Wmo{bH$ Y_©àm§VmV {_eZar H$m`m©g 125 df} Pmë`m{Z{_Îm àH$m{eV Ho$bobr ñ_a{UH$m (1878-2003), (nmZ 96)

2) H$m{_b nmaIo, '{¼ñVr {_eZè`m§Mo `moJXmZ', gw{ZVr npãbHo$eÝg, {dVaH$ - gwJmdm àH$meZ, nwUo (2003) (_ZmoJV, nmZo 7 Vo 10)

3) E_. E. S>oìhrS>, ' {_eÝg:H«$m°g-H$ëMab EZH$m¢Q>a A±S> M|O BZ doñQ>Z© B§{S>`m', àH$meH$ - B§{S>`Z gmogm`Q>r \$m°a à_mo{Q>J {¼íMZ Zm°boO', nmoñQ> ~m°Šg 168, H$mpí_ar JoQ>, {X„r, 110 006, (nmZ 48)

4) S>m° A{OV bmoI§S>o, '~«Xa `mogo\$ E§Jb (`oeyg§K)', '{Zamoß`m' _m{gH$, _o 2007, (nmZ 10)

5) '\$mXa ñQ>r\$ZH¥$V {H«$ñVnwamU (n¡bo d Xwgao)', g§nmXH$ : em§Vmam_ ~§S>oby, àH$meH$, `. µJmo. Omoer, àgmX àH$meZ, 689/24, gXm{ed noR>, nwUo 411 002 (1956) (n[a{eï> 3, OñQ>rZ E A°~Q> `m§Mo 'X Q>mBåg Am°\$ B§{S>`m'V à{gÜX Pmbobo nÌ, (nmZ 946 Vo 949)

6) 'aoB©g- `mÌm', O_©Z Am{U ñdrg Y_©àm§VmÀ`m OogwB©Q>g Y_©Jwê$§Zr npíM_ ^maVmV gwê$ Ho$boë`m ào{fVH$m`m©g 150 df} nyU© Pmë`m{Z{_Îm à{gÜX Ho$bobr ñ_a{UH$m, àH$meH$ - \$m. ñQ>°Zr \$Zmª{S>g, nwUo OogwB©Q> Y_©àm§Vm§Mo _w»`m{YH$mar, g§OrdZ Aml_, 38, ggyZ amoS>, nwUo- 411 001 (2004)

7)'X àm°{_g Am°\$ A aoZ~mo- E {Q´>ã`wQ> Am°\$ bìh Qy> Ada {_eZarO X dobpñà¨J Am°\$ hmon \$m°a X \w$Ma', (nmZ 95)

Why religious conversions? (Marathi)

JmdHw$gm~mhoaMm {¼ñVr g_mO

H$m{_b nmaIo

gwJmdm àH$meZ, nwUo

5) Y_m©§Va H$emgmR>r - ^mH$argmR>r, AmË_gÝ_mZmgmR>r {H$ {dÐmohmgmR>r

npíM_ _hmamï´>mV Ah_XZJa {OëømV, _amR>dmS>çmÀ`m Am¡a§Jm~mX Am{U OmbZm {Oëøm§V Am{U {dX^m©À`m H$mhr {Oëøm§V EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mV _moR>çm à_mUmV gm_wXm{`H$ Y_mªVao Pmbr. Ë`m_mJo Ho$di AmÜ`mpË_H$ àoaUm hmoVr Ago åhUUo YmS>gmMo R>aob. n§{S>Vm a_m~mB©, aoìô. Zmam`U dm_Z {Q>iH$, bú_r~mB© {Q>iH$, aoìh. ZriH§$R>emór Zohoå`m Jmoèho, ~m~m nX_ZOr dJ¡ao gw{e{jV ì`º$s§À`m Y_mªVamV AÜ`mpË_H$ n[adV©Z KS>bo ho {Z:g§e`. Añn¥í` OmVrO_mVtÀ`m gm_wXm{`H$ Y_mªVam~m~V _mÌ Ago åhUVm `oUma Zmhr. Á`m bmoH$m§À`m d¡`{º$H$ dm gm_m{OH$ OrdZmV Xod-Y_©, XoD$i, Y_©J«§W `m g§H$ënZm§Zm H$Yrhr àdoe ZìhVm, Aem g_mOmVyZ dmirV Q>mH$boë`m bmoH$m§Zr {¼ñVr Y_m©Mo AÜ`mË_ AmYr g_OyZ KoD$Z Z§Va hm Y_© ñdrH$mabm Ago åhUUo dmñVì`mg Yê$Z hmoUma Zmhr.

Y_m©§Vao H$m hmoVmV? Amnë`m dmS>d{S>bm§nmgyZ Ambobm Y_© gmoSy>Z Xwgam Y_© H$dQ>miÊ`mMr nmir EImÚm ì`º$sda dm g_mOmda H$m `oVo? ì`º$sJV Y_m©§Va AWm©VM nyU©V: Ë`m ì`º$ser g§~§YrV Agboë`m _mZ{gH$, AmÜ`mpË_H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrda Adb§~yZ AgVo. _mÌ Ooìhm EImXm _moR>m g_yh Amnbm Y_© gmoSy>Z Xwgè`m Y_m©V OmVmo, Ë`mdoir `m Y_m©§Vam_mJMr H$maUo g_OyZ KoUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. .

Y_mªVam_mJMr H$maUo Am{U àoaUm `m§Mo A{dZme S>moig `m§Zr nwT>rb eãXm§V {díbofU Ho$bo Amho :

""Y_mªVa hm Amnë`m XoemVrb EH$ `wJm-`wJmnmgyZ MmbV Ambobm à`moJ Amho. qhXy Y_m©À`m OmMmbm H§$Q>miyZ Amnë`m CÜXmamgmR>r AZoH$m§Zr Y_mªVa Ho$bo Amho. _wpñb_ amOdQ>rV Añn¥í`m§Vrb ~hþg§»` bmoH$m§Zr _wpñb_ Y_© ñdrH$mê$Z g_VoH$S>o Ymd KoVbr. Ë`mMà_mUo {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV AZoH$m§Zr OmVrì`dñWoZo {Xbobo ZrMnU PwJmê$Z Ë`mVyZ _wº$ hmoÊ`mgmR>r {¼ñVr Y_m©Mm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm Amho. AZoH$ Am{Xdmgr bmoH$m§Zrhr {ejUmgmR>r, AmnwbH$sÀ`m {_iUmè`m dmJUwH$sgmR>r {¼ñVr Y_© ñdrH$mabm Amho. {_eZar bmoH$m§Zr Cno{jV, Jar~ bmoH$m§gmR>r S>m|JaXè`mV emim§Mr ñWmnZm H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`mn`ªV {ejU ZoD$Z EH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$m`© Ho$bo Amho. `m gmè`m§Mm n[aUm_ åhUyZ ^maVmV A{YH$m{YH$ X{bV, Am{Xdmgr _§S>ir {¼ñVr Pmbr AmhoV. '' 1

Xwgè`m EH$m boImV S>moig `m§Zr Ago åhQ>bo Amho: ''doJdoJù`m amOdQ>rVrb Y_m©§VamMm g§X^© ~Xbbm Var Ë`m_mJrb Y_m©§V[aVm§Mr ^mdZm EH$gmaIrM amhV Ambr Amho. Om{Vì`dñWm, Añn¥í`Vm, eyÐ `m OmoI§S>mVyZ _wº$ hmoÊ`mgmR>r bmoH$m§Zr Y_m©§Vao Ho$br. H$Yr Vo _wñbr_ Pmbo, H$Yr Vo {¼íMZ Pmbo. Z§Va S>m° Am§~oS>H$am§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr Ë`m§Zr ~m¡ÜX Y_m©Mm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm. g_VoMr {eH$dU d dmJUyH$ OoWo {_iob Ë`m Y_m©bm Amnbogo H$ê$Z `m bmoH$m§Zr àñWm{nV Y_m©{déÜXMm Amnbm {ZfoY Zm|X{dbm Amho.''2

_hmamï´>mVrb dm BVa Hw$R>ë`mhr {R>H$mUr gm_wXm{`H$ {¼ñVr Y_mªVao AÚmpË_H$ n[adV©ZmZo Pmbr Agm Xmdm IwÔ {¼ñVr Y_©Jwê$ qH$dm MM©hr H$aV Zmhr. Ah_XZJa {OëømVrb ào{fVH$m`m©Mm B{Vhmg {b{hUmè`m \$mXa S>m° {¼ñVmo\$a eoiHo$ `m§Mo {díbofU nwT>rbà_mUo Amho: ''H°$Wmo{bH$ lÜXoMm {Za{Zamù`m ^mJmV H$gm àma§^ Pmbm ho nmhUo _moR>o _Zmoa§OH$ Amho. ¹${MV àg§JrM AÜ`mËå`mZo gwê$dmV Pmbobr {XgVo Ago IwÔ n{dÌ ew^g§XoemVhr Amnë`mbm Xwga§ {XgV Zmhr. bmoH$ `oeyÀ`m ^modVr JXu H$ê$ bmJbo. H$maU Ë`mZo AmOmè`m§Zm ~ao Ho$bo, _oboë`m§Zm nwÝhm CR>{dbo, AewÜXm§Zm Ë`mZo ewÜX Ho$bo Am{U ^mH$ar dmT>{dë`m. bmoH$m§Mm O_md Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o Amë`mZ§VaM Ë`mZo Ë`m§Mo bj emídV _wë`m§H$S>o AmoTy>Z KoVbo. ''Vwåhr _mÂ`mda lÕm R>odVm åhUyZ Vwåhr _mÂ`mH$S>o Ambm Ago Zmhr, Va _r Vwåhm§bm ^mH$a {Xbr åhUyZ Vwåhr AmbmV.'' Ë`mZ§VaM _J `oey AÜ`mËå`mH$S>o diyZ 'Zída AÞmgmR>r PQy> ZH$m. Ë`mEodOr {MaH$mbrZ AÞmgmR>r à`ËZ H$am' Ago Ë`m bmoH$m§Zm gm§JVmo.''3 {¼ñVr {_eZatZr gd©àW_ ^wHo$ë`m bmoH$m§Mr ^yH$ ^mJ{dbr, Ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ àJVrgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bo Am{U Z§VaM Vo AÜ`mËå`mH$S>o dimbo. 'AmYr nmoQ>mo~m, _J {dR>mo~m' Aer åhU `m ^mJmV àM{bV Amho. Vr åhU `m {_eZar bmoH$m§Zr Amnë`m ào{fVH$m`m©V àË`jmV CVa{dbr.

`m g§X^m©V Hw$R>oVar dmMbobr EH$ Jmoï> _bm AmR>dVo. EH$ _hmË_m Amnë`m {eî`m§~amo~a {\$aV hmoVm. EH$m JmdmV Amë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zm EH$ ^wHo$Zo ì`mµHw$i Pmbobm _mUyg {Xgbm. Ë`m _hmËå`mMm {eî` Ë`m _mUgmOdi OmD$Z Ë`mbm AÜ`mËå`m{df`r Mma Jmoï>r gm§Jy bmJbm. _mÌ Ë`m _mUgmH$S>o Ë`m {eî`mH$S>o nmR> {\$a{dbr. {eî` Ë`mZ§Va XwgarH$S>o Jobm. WmoS>çmdoimZo Vmo naVbm Voìhm VmoM _mUyg Amnë`m Jwê$À`m nm`mer ~gyZ AÜ`mËå`mMm g§Xoe EoH$V Amho Ago Ë`mbm {Xgbo. M{H$V hmoD$Z {eî`mZo Amnë`m Jwê$bm `m~m~VrV {dMmabo Voìhm Vmo _hmË_m åhUmbm. "_r Ë`mbm ImÊ`mgmR>r Ho$ir {Xbr. ^wHo$bm Agë`mZo Ë`mMr Ë`mdoiMr VrM JaO hmoVr.''

Y_mªVam_mJMr H$maU_r_m§gm ñnï> H$aVmZm EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mV gm_m{OH AÝ`m`mMo, N>idUwH$sMo ~ir R>aboë`m X{bV g_mOmÀ`m Ñï>rZo {¼ñVr {_eZar XodXyVM R>abo Ago Zm{eH$À`m {\$bmo{_Zm ~mJyb `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho. Ë`m åhUVmV: '' {_eZatZr Amåhmbm {¼ñVm~amo~a Eo{hH$ gwImMm _mJ© XmI{dbm. XmoZ hOma dfm©nwdu à^y {¼ñVmZo AZoH$ M_ËH$ma Ho$bo, {_eZatZrhr Am_À`mgmR>r AZoH$ M_ËH$ma Ho$bo. Ë`mZr à{VHy$b n[apñWVrV Ho$bobo H$m`© H$moUË`mhr M_ËH$mamnojm µH$_r ZìhVo. à^y {¼ñVmZo bmoH$m§Zm OodU XoD$Z V¥á Ho$bo. Ë`mMà_mUo {_eZatZr AZoH$m§Zm AÞ XoD$Z V¥á Ho$bo. à^y {¼ñVmZo A§Ym§Zm Ñï>r {Xbr,Ë`mMà_mUo {_eZatZr kmZ XoD$Z Amåhmbm ZdÑï>r {Xbr. à^y {¼ñVmZo _wŠ`m§Zm dmMm {Xbr, Ë`mMà_mUo {_eZatZr hOmamo df} dmMm ~§X Agboë`m Amåhmbm dmMm {Xbr. {¼ñVmZo XwIUmBVm§Zm ~ao Ho$bo, VÛV {_eZatZr Am¡fYmonMmam§Zr amo½`m§Zm ~ao Ho$bo. à^y {¼ñVmZo _oboë`m§Zm {Od§V Ho$bo. {_eZatZr _¥Ë`wn§Wmg Q>oH$boë`m§Zm OrdXmZ {Xbo. {_eZatMo ho H$m`© Am_À`mgmR>r EH$mEH$m _moR>çm M_ËH$mamà_mUoM hmoVo. {_eZatZr Amåhmbm µH$m` {Xbo Zmhr? Ë`m§Zr Amåhmbm {dídmg {Xbm, ào_ {Xbo, Y_© {Xbm, ^mH$a {Xbr, AmË_{dídmg {Xbm, ñdm{^_mZ {Xbm, AmË_gÝ_mZ {Xbm Am{U gdm©V _hËdmMo åhUOo C?d{U©`m©À`m Jwbm_{JarVyZ _wº$ H$éZ Am_Mm H$mo§S>bobm ídmg _wº$ Ho$bm.''4

C?d{U©`m§Zr nm`§Xir VwS>dboë`m, amoOMr ^mH$ar {_idÊ`mgmR>r YS>nS>Umè`m Añn¥í` bmoH$m§Zm naXoer {_eZatZr _m`oZo Odi Ho$bo. XwîH$mimÀ`m Am{U XmoZ _hm`wÜXm§À`m H$mimV Am{U BVahr doir AÞnmUr, H$nS>mbÎmm nwadbm. JmdmÀ`m doer~mhoa hmH$bboë`m `m X{bV bmoH$m§À`m Ñï>rZo Va ho {_eZar XodXyVM R>abo. `m {_eZatZr XmIdboë`m XodmMm, Y_m©Mm Am{U J«§WmMm Ë`m§Zr Hw$R>ë`mhr e§H$mHw$e§H$m Z H$mT>Vm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm. AemàH$mao AZoH$ Jmdm§Vrb gd©À`m gd© _hma dm _m§J Hw$Qw>§~o H$mhr dfmªÀ`m H$mimV {¼ñVr Pmbr.

Jmoì`mV Á`m nÜXVrZo Y_m©§Va Pmbo Vgo _hmamï´>mV Pmbo Zmhr Ago AZwn_m COJao `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho. '' H$moUr ~m{áñ_m Úm åhQ>b§ Va {_eZar Ë`mbm AmVyZ nmaIyZ KoV. Vg§M, ~mhoa H$mhr H$mi§~oa§ Va Zmhr Zm hohr VnmgyZ ~KV. Om{V^oXmÀ`m N>imnm`r Ord _oQ>mHw$Q>rbm Amboë`m VimJmimVë`m§Zm, {_eZatZr XoD$ Ho$boë`m OrdZñVamMm _moh Pmbm. Ë`m_wio gm_y{hH$ Y_mªVa§hr Pmbr.'"5

'H°$Wmo{bH$ {_eZar§H$S>o bmoH$ àW_ dibo Vo Y_© ^mdZm _ZmV R>odyZ Zìho' Ago nwÊ`mVrb g|Q> {dÝg|Q> ñHy$bMo _mOr àmMm`© \$mXa Ho$ZoW {_pñH$Q>m Am{U \$mXa Wm°_g gmido `m§Zrhr 'OogwB©Q> 2005' `m dm{f©H A§H$mV ñnï> åhQ>bo Amho. {_eZatH$S>o diÊ`mMm Ë`m§Mm hoVy nmoQ>mnmÊ`mMm d gm_m{OH$ _mZgÝ_mZ hm hmoVm Ago `m Y_©Jwê§$Zr åhQ>bo Amho. Ah_XZJa {OëømVrb bmoH$m§Mo Eo{hH$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ àíZ hmVmiÊ`mMm {_eZar§Zr à`ËZ Ho$bm. Ah_XZJa hm H$m`_Mm XwîH$mir {Oëhm. Ë`m_wio XwîH$miJ«ñV OZVogmR>r {_P[a`moa, H$m[aVmg, grAmaEg `mgma»`m godm^mdr g§ñWm§À`m _XVrZo {_eZar§Zr {d{har ImoXÊ`mg, n§n Am{U {~`mUo I[aXÊ`mg ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§Zm _XV Ho$br. gm_m{OH$ Am{U Ym{_©H$ H$m_m§Mr J„V hmoD$ Z`o, AmÜ`mpË_H$ ~m~r§H$S>o Xwb©j hmoD$ Z`o åhUyZ gm_m{OH$ H$m_m§gmR>r àW_ lram_nya `oWo Am{U Z§Va Ah_XZJa `oWo gmoeb g|Q>aMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. bmoH$m§À`m JaOm ^mJdyZ, Ë`m§À`m{df`r AmñWm XmIdyZ O_©Z Am{U EVÔoer` `oeyg§Kr` d«VñWm§Zr `oWrb bmoH$m§Mr lÜXm Omonmgbr. 'àma§^r emiogmR>r EH$hr {dÚmWu {_iV Zgo. nU AmO ZJa {OëømVrb `oeyg§Kr`m§À`m d Y_©àm§{V`m§À`m emimV hOmamo H$mWmo{bH$ d A{¼ñVr {dÚmWu {ejU KoV AmhoV.n{hë`m _hm`wÜXmÀ`m gwédmVrg ZJa {OëømV 10,000 {¼ñVr hmoVo d \$º$ Mma {_eZ ñQ>oeZ hmoVr. AmO drg {_eZ ñQ>oeZ AmhoV d 60,000 {¼ñVr bmoH$m§Mr d A{¼ñVr OZVoMr AmÜ`mpË_H$ d Eo{hH$ JaO ^mJ{dbr OmVo,'' Ago \$mXa {_pñH$Q>m Am{U gmido `m§Zr `m boImV åhQ>bo Amho.6

Y_mªVam_mJMr H$maUo H$mhrhr AgmoV, hr gm_wXm{`H$ {¼ñVr Y_mªVao EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mVrb _hmamï´>mVrb EH$ _moR>r gm_m{OH$ H«$m§Vr hmoVr. àM{bV g_mOì`dñWo{déÔMm Vmo EH$ _moR>m {dÐmoh hmoVm. Ë`mdoiÀ`m AÝ`mæ` pñWVrVyZ gwQ>H$m H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMm Y_m©§Va EH$ _mJ© hmoVm. {deof åhUOo `m X{bVm§Zm _wº$sMm hm _mJ© XmI{dUmam Ë`m§À`m_Ü`o Hw$Urhr _moPog ZìhVm. EH$m JmdmV EH$ Y_mªVa Pmbo Am{U Ë`m Y_m©§VamMo Eo{hH$, gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$hr \$m`Xo Ë`mÀ`m ZmVodmB©H$m§Zm, ^mD$~§Xm§Zm bjmV Ambo Am{U Ë`m§Zrhr VmoM _mJ© nËH$abm. EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V Am{U {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwédmVrg gm_wXm{`H$ {¼ñVr Y_mªVamMr hr bmQ> _hmamï´>mV da Z_yX Ho$boë`m {Oëøm§V Mmby am{hbr. IoS>çmnmS>çm§V, AmS>diUmÀ`m N>moQ>çmem dñVtda AqhgoÀ`m _mJm©Zo AJXr g§WnUo Pmboë`m `m H«$m§VrMr Ë`mdoiÀ`m C?d{U©`m§Zr gmYr XIbhr KoVbr Zmhr. `m gm_m{OH$ H«$m§Vr_mJMr ~hþ{d{dY H$maUo, Ë`mMm g_mOmÀ`m BVa KQ>H$m§da Pmbobm n[aUm_ Am{U daÀ`m OmVtÀ`m Aaoamdrg Am{U gd©M joÌm§Vrb _ºo$Xmarg AZoH$ eVH$m§Z§Va n{hë`m§XmM {_imbobo AmìhmZ `mMo g_mOemókm§Zr d BVa g§emoYH$m§Zr AmVmn`ªV {díbofU Ho$bobo Zmhr.

ho Y_mªVa amoIÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m Añn¥í` OmVtZm Ë`m§Zm hdm Vmo AmË_gÝ_mZ Úmdm qH$dm AÝ`mæ` g_mOì`dñWm ~Xbmdr Agohr Ë`mdoiÀ`m g_mOYw[aUm§Zm dmQ>bo Zmhr. Ë`mZ§Va H$mhr dfmªZ§Va `odë`mV 1935 gmbr S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Y_mªVamMr JO©Zm Ho$br Voìhmhr ho gm_wXm{`H$ Y_mªVa amoIÊ`mgmR>r R>mog nmdbo CMbbr Jobr ZmhrM. Y_mªVamÀ`m KmofUoZ§Va AIoarg XmoZ XeH$m§Z§Va ~wÜX Y_m©Mm ñdrH$ma H$ê$Z S>m° Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Am{U Ë`m§À`m AZw`m`m§Zr EH$ A{^Zd gm_m{OH$ pñWË`§Va KS>dyZ AmUbo.

g§X^©:

1) A{dZme S>moig, ''Am§~oS>H$ar Midi: n[adV©ZmMo g§X^©'' , àH$meH$: Cfm dmK, gwJmdm àH$meZ, 861/1, gXm{ed noR>,nwUo - 411 030 (1995) ( nmZ 46)

2) Cnamoº$à_mUo, (nmZ 136)

3) \$mXa S>m°. {¼ñVmo\$a eoiHo$, ' {Zamoß`m' _m{gH$, Am°ŠQ>moda 1977 (nmZ H«$_m§H$ 33)

4) {\$bmo{_Zm ~mJyb, '{_eZ H$m`© 150 df}: gm_m{OH$ {dH$mg', ' X àm°{_g Am°\$ A aoZ~mo- E {Q´>ã`wQ> Am°\$ bìh Qy> Ada {_eZarO X dobpñà¨J Am°\$ hmon \$m°a X â`wMa - Zm{eH$ H°$Wmo{bH$ Y_©àm§VmV {_eZar H$m`m©g 125 df} Pmë`m{Z{_Îm àH$m{eV Ho$bobr ñ_a{UH$m (1878-2003), ( _amR>r {d^mJ, nmZ 23)

5) S>m°. AZwn_m COJao, '_amR>r àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> {¼ñVr g_mO', àH$meH$: J«§Wmbr kmZ`k, Q>monrdmbm boZ, å`w{Z{gnb ñHy$b B_maV, S>m° ^S>H$_H$a _mJ© nmo{bg ñQ>oeZg_moa, J«±Q> amoS>, _w§~B© - 400 007 (2003), (nmZ 22)

6) 'OogwB©Q>g 2005', B`a ~wH$ Am°\$ X gmogm`Q>r Am°\$ {OPg, àH$meH$ : gmogm`Q>r Am°\$ {OPg, ~moJm} Eg, pñn[aVmo 4, 00193 amo_, BQ>br (nmZ 135), Am{U ' {Zamoß`m' _m{gH$, \o$~«wdmar 2005 (nmZ 26)

Untouchability: The world outside and inside the village gate (Marathi)

 JmdHw$gm~mhoaMm {¼ñVr g_mO,  H$m{_b nmaIo

gwJmdm àH$meZ, nwUo

2) JmdHw$gmVrb, JmdHw$gm~mhoaMo OJ

{h§XwñWmZmV {~«{Q>em§Mm A§_b gwê$ Pmbm Voìhm `m XoemVrb ~hþVoH$ àm§Vm§Vrb g_mO Añn¥í`, Añn¥í` Am{U doJdoJù`m OmVr-O_mVtV {d^mJbm hmoVm. {~«{Q>em§À`m amOdQ>rV nmíMmË` {dMmam§Mo XoemV dmao dmhÿ bmJbo VgVgo nwamoJm_r nwT>mè`m§Zr Añn¥í`Vm{Z_w©bZmgmR>r bT>m gwê$ Ho$bm. _mÌ Xoembm ñdmV§Í` {_imë`mZ§Va Am{U H$m`ÚmZo Añn¥í`VmnmbZmda ~§Xr `oD$Zhr hr àWm {H$Ë`oH$ df} MmbyM am{hbr hmoVr. Añn¥í`m§Zm Ë`mH$mimV ^moJmì`m bmJUmè`m `mVZm§Mr _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimVrb J«m_rU g_mOOrdZmMr AmoiI AgUo Oê$arMo Amho.

_hmamï´>mVrb IoS>oJmdm§V Ë`m nyU© JmdmVrb bmoH$dñVr EH$mM {R>H$mUr AmT>iV Zmhr. H$mhr OU Amnë`m eoVm§da amhV AgVmV, H$mhr {R>H$mUr Xhm~mam Kao EH$Ì AmT>iVmV Am{U Ë`m dñVrbm dmS>r åhQ>bo OmVo. JmdMr _w»` dñVr åhUOo JmdR>mU. H$moH$UMm AndmX gmoS>bm Va JmdR>mU Am{U dmS>çm AemàH$maMr dñVr ~hþVoH$ {R>H$mUr gmnS>Vo. `m JmdR>mUm^modVr Mmoam-XamoS>oImoam§nmgyZ g§ajUmgmR>r VQ>~§Xr Ho$br Agm`Mr, `m VQ>~§Xrbm JmdHw$gy åhQ>bo Om`Mo. JmdR>mUmV åhUOo `m JmdHw$gmÀ`m AmV g_mOmÀ`m C? dUm©À`m åhUOo ñn¥í` OmVrÀ`m bmoH$m§Mr Kao Agm`Mr. JmdHw$gmÀ`m ~mhoa ImbÀ`m OmVrÀ`m, Añn¥í` OmVr§À`m bmoH$m§Mr dñVr Agm`Mr. `m Añn¥í` g_mOmV _hma, _m§J Am{U Mm§^ma `m OmVtMm g_mdoe Agm`Mm. _hmamï´>mÀ`m OdiOdi gd©M ^mJm§V Añn¥í` g_mOmV _hma OmVrÀ`m bmoH$m§Mr g§»`m gdm©{YH$ AmT>iVo.

JmdHw$gmÀ`m AmVrb daÀ`m OmVr§À`m Am{U JmdHw$gm~mhoaÀ`m ~{hîH¥$V, ImbÀ`m OmVr§À`m g_mOOrdZmMo Xe©Z KS>dUmar H$mhr nwñVHo$ {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwédmVrg Am{U Ë`mZ§Va à{gÜX Pmbr hmoVr. {~«{Q>e A_XmZrÀ`m H$mimV ñn¥í`m§Mo Am{U Añn¥í`m§Mo nañnag§~§Y, ~bwVoXmar Am{U JmdHw$gm~mhoa OJUmè`m bmoH$m§Mr VËH$mbrZ OrdZe¡br `m~Ôb {dídmgmh© _mZVm `oB©b Aer _m{hVr hr nwñVHo$ nwadVmV. Ë`mH$mimVrb g_mOOrdZmMm Aä`mg H$aUmè`m g§emoYH$m§À`mÑï>rZo hr nwñVHo$ AË`§V _wë`dmZ AmhoV. {̧~H$ Zmam`U AmÌo `m§Zr {b{hbobo 'JmdJmS>m' Am{U 1915 gmbr à{gÜX Pmbobo ho Ë`mn¡H$s EH$ AË`§V _hÎdmMo nwñVH$ Amho.1 {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwê$dmVrVrb Aìdb B§J«Or A§_XmZrÀ`m H$mimVrb npíM_ _hmamï´>mVrb J«m_rU OrdZmMr ho nwñVH$ AmoiI H$ê$Z XoVo. aoìh AboŠPm§S>a am°~Q>©gZ `m§Mo 1938 gmbr à{gÜX Pmbobo 'Xr _hma \$moëH$ - A ñQ>S>r Am°\$ AZQ>Mo~ëg BZ _hmamï´>' `m nwñVH$mVyZ Ah_XZJa, am`JS> (Hw$bm~m ho AmYrMo Zmd) {Oëho Am{U ZmJnya `m n[agamVrb _hmam§Mo JmdJmS>çmVrb ñWmZ Am{U Ë`m§Mr OrdZe¡br `m{df`r _m{hVr {_iVo.2 (`m nwñVH$mMr _amR>r Amd¥Îmrhr AmVm CnbãY Amho. 3 ) Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimVrb åhUOo 1950À`m Xaå`mZ _hmamï´>mVrb Jm_rU g_mOOrdZmMr _m{hVr H$ê$Z XoUmao {d. _. Xm§S>oH$a Am{U _. ^m OJVmn `m§Zr {b{hbobo '_hmamï´>mMr J«m_rU g_mOaMZm' ho AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmMo nwñVH$ Amho. nwÊ`mÀ`m JmoIbo AW©emó g§emoYZ g§ñWoZo _hmamï´>mV 1951-52 gmbr gd}jU Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë`m gd}jUmVyZ hmVr Ambobr _m{hVr `m nwñVH$mV g§H$brV Ho$br Amho.4 ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimVhr Añn¥í`m§Zm Hw$R>ë`m hmbAnoï>m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJV hmoVo `mMo {MÌU 1970 Z§Va à{gÜX Pmboë`m AZoH$ X{bV boIH$m§À`m AmË_H$WZm§VyZ ñnï> Pmbo Amho.

JmdHw$gm~mhoaÀ`m _hmam§À`m dñVrbm _hmadmS>m Am{U _m§JmÀ`m dñVrbm _m§JdmS>m åhUV AgV. _moJbmB©Vrb d¡Omnya Am{U J§Jmnya VmbwŠ`mVrb _hmadmS>çmbm 'amOdmS>m' AgoM g§~moYbo OmVo. `oWrb AZoH$ Jmdm§Vrb _hma bmoH$ e§^a dfmªnyduM {¼ñVr Pmbo Agbo Var EH${dgmì`m eVH$mV AmOhr Ë`m§Mr dñVr amOdmS>m qH$dm _hmadmS>m åhUyZM AmoiIbr OmVo. Y_mªVam_wio Ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ pñWVrV \$magm ~Xb Pmbm Zmhr `mMoM ho g§~moYZ EH$ ÚmoVH$ Amho.

ImZXoe, _amR>dmS>m dJ¡ao n[agam§V JmdHw$gmMo ~m§YH$m_ XJS>mMo qH$dm ^|S>mMo åhUOo nm§T>è`m _mVrÀ`m H$ÀÀ`m {dQ>m§Mo Agm`Mo. JmdHw$gmÀ`m ~mhoa nS>Ê`mÀ`m dmQ>oda XadmOm Agm`Mm. nyduÀ`m H$mir doerMo ho XadmOo gy`m©ñVmnmgyZ gy`m}X`mn`ªV ~§X Ho$bo OmV AgV Am{U àË`oH$ doerda amIUrgmR>r dogH$a åhUyZ EH$ _hma ~gV Ago.

Á`m Jmdmbm ZXrAmoT>çmgma»`m dmhË`m àdmhmMo nmUr {nÊ`mgmR>r dmnabo OmB© Aem {R>H$mUr Añn¥í`m§Mr dñVr nmÊ`mÀ`m àdmhmÀ`m ImbÀ`m ~mOyZo Ago. AemàH$mao daÀ`m OmVrMo bmoH$ ZXrMo nmUr àdmhmÀ`m daÀ`m ~mOyg ^aV Am{U ImbÀ`m OmVrMo, Añn¥í` bmoH$ àdmhmÀ`m ImbÀ`m ~mOyg nmUr ^aV. Ë`m_wio Añn¥í`m§À`m ñnem©Zo {dQ>mi Pmbobo nmUr dmnaÊ`mMm YmoH$m {Z_m©U hmoV Zgo.

ZXrda qH$dm AmoT>çm§da gm_m{OH$ CVa§S>rZwgma doJdoJù`m {R>H$mUr {d{eï> OmVtMo nmUdQ>o AgV. àdmhmÀ`m daÀ`m ~mOybm gd©àW_ g_mOmÀ`m gdm©V loð> Aem ~«m÷U OmVrMo nmUdR>o, Agm`Mo, Ë`mZ§Va ImbÀ`m OmVtMo åhUOo _amR>m, _mir dJ¡ao ñn¥í` OmVtMo nmUdR>o Agm`Mo. ñn¥í`m§À`m nmUdR>çmImbr Añn¥í`m§Mo nmUdR>o gwê$ hmoV. Ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ ñVam§Zwgma åhUOo AmYr am_moer d Mm§^ma, Ë`mZ§Va T>moa, Ë`mÀ`mImbr _hma, _hmam§À`m Imbr _m§Jm§Mo nmUdR>o AgV. gdmªÀ`m eodQ>r Imbr ^§Jr OmVrMm nmUdR>m Ago.

_mÌ {dQ>mi Pmbobo Ë`m ZXrAmoT>çm§Mo nmUr Ë`mZ§Vahr dmhVM amhm`Mo Am{U Xwgè`m Jmdm§V VoM nmUr C? dUmªMo bmoH$ n{hë`m§Xm dmnaV AgV. dmhË`m nmÊ`mbm {dQ>mi ZgVmo Aer EH$ åhU _amR>rV Amho, Vr ~hþYm `m H$maUm_wioM Aem _`m©{XV AWm©Zo ê$T> Pmbr Agmdr.

H$mhr Jmdm§V gmd©O{ZH$ AmS> qH$dm {dhrarVrb nmUr dmnabo OmB©. _mÌ _hma, _m§J, Mm§^ma, T>moa, am_moer Am{U H¡$H$mS>rgma»`m ImbÀ`m OmVrÀ`m bmoH$m§Zm `m VWmH${WV gmd©O{ZH$ {d{harda nmUr ^aÊ`mMr nadmZJr ZìhVr. Ë`m§À`mgmR>r doJio {dhra qH$dm AmS> Agm`Mo. _mÌ _hmam§À`m {d{harda _m§Jm§Zm nmUr ^aVm `oV Zgo. _mÂ`m AmOmoimV åhUOo KmoJaJmdmV 'amOdmS>çmV' åhUOo _hmadmS>çmV ñdV§Ì {dhra hmoVr, ho _bm ñnï> AmR>dVo. amOdmS>çmVrb `m {dhrarbm JmdmVrb ñn¥í`m§À`m {d{harnojm df©^a A{YH$ _w~bH$ nmUr Agm`Mo Ago _mPr AmB© AOyZ gm§JV AgVo.

Á`m Añn¥í` OmVtZm ñdV:Mr {dhra Zgo Ë`mbmoH$m§Zm _J BVam§À`m _ohoa~mZrda Adb§~yZ amhmdo bmJo. gmd©O{ZH$ {dhrarda VmgZVmg C^o amhÿZ H$moUrVar Ë`m§Zm nmUr dmTy>Z XoB©b `mMr Ë`m§Zm dmQ> nmhmdo bmJo. nmUr ß`m`Mo Agbo Var Ë`m§Zr Imbr dmHy$Z hmVmMr Am|Oi Ho$ë`mZ§Va ñn¥í` bmoH$ bm§~yZ dê$Z nmUr AmoVV AgV.

Añn¥í`m§Zm gmd©O{ZH$ nmUdQ>o Iwbr H$aÊ`mV `mdr `m _mJUrgmR>r S>m° ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr H$moH$UmVrb _hmS> `oWo 1927 gmbr bT>m Ho$bm. VoWrb MdXma Vù`mMo nmUr Añn¥í`m§Zr MmIbo. _mÌ Var gmd©O{ZH$ nmUdQ>o Añn¥í`m§Zm Iwbo hmoÊ`mgmR>r AmUIr {H$VrVar XeH$m§Mm H$mbmdYr Omdm bmJbm. 'Añn¥í` O_mVr gmd©O{ZH$ {d{harda nmUr ^ê$ bmJë`mMo EH$hr CXmhaU Amåhr nmhUr Ho$boë`m 72 Jmdm§V {_imbo Zmhr' Ago {d. _. Xm§S>oH$a Am{U _. ^m. OJVmn `m§Zr 1957 gmbr à{gÜX Pmboë`m Amnë`m nwñVH$mV {b{hbo Amho. g_mOgodH$ S>m° ~m~m AmT>md `m§Zr Añn¥í`Vm àWoMo {Z_©byZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r 1970À`m XeH$mV 'EH$ Jmd, EH$ nmUdR>m' `moOZm am~dÊ`mgmR>r _hmamï´>mV Midi am~dbr hmoVr. 'EH$ Jmd, EH$ nmUdR>m' `mM {ef©H$mÀ`m nwñVH$mV S>m° AmT>mdm§Zr OmVrg§~§YmVrb Amnbo AZw^d gm§{JVbo AmhoV.5

h„r J«m_rU ^mJm§V gJirH$S>oM JmdR>mU, JmdHw$gy Am{U dog `m Jmoï>r B{VhmgO_m Pmë`m AmhoV. _mÌ `m OwÝ`m ~m§YH$m_m§Mr nS>PS> Pmbobr Agbr Var Ë`m§À`mer {ZJS>rV g_mOaMZoV Am{U g_mOmÀ`m _mZ{gH$VoV \$magm ~Xb Pmbobm Zmhr. AÑí` ñdénmV `oWo AmOhr JmdHw$gmÀ`m AmV Am{U JmdHw$gm~mhoa OJUmar XmoZ doJdoJio OJ AmT>iVmV.

g§X^©:

1) qÌ~H$ Zmam`U AmÌo, 'Jmd-JmS>m' ; àH$meH$: h. A. ^mdo, daXm ~wŠg, 397/1, goZmnVr ~mnQ> _mJ©, nwUo 411 016 ({Vgar Amd¥Îmr, nwZ_w©ÐU 1995)

2) AboŠPm§S>a am°~Q>©gZ, 'Xr _hma \$moëH$ - A ñQ>S>r Am°\$ AZQ>Mo~ëg BZ _hmamï´>' Xr [a{b{OAg bmB©\$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m'; àH$meH$: dm` E_ gr E.npãbqeJ hmD$g, 5, agob ñQ´>rQ>, H$mobH$mVm, håào {_b\$moS>©, Am°Šg\$moS>© `w{Zìh{g©Q>r àog (1938); Xwgè`m Amd¥VrMo àH$meH$ S>m°. AemoH$ Jm`H$dmS>, H$m¡eë` àH$meZ, EZ-11, gr-3/24/3, hS>H$mo, Am¡a§Jm~mX, 431 003 (2005)

3) AboŠPm§S>a am°~Q>©gZ, '_hma bmoH$- _hmamï´>mVrb Añn¥í`m§Mm Aä`mg (^maVmMo Ym{_©H$ OrdZ), AZwdmXH$: {^jw grd{b~moYr Am{U ñ_aU X{hdbo; àH$meH$: Xo. am. nJmao, gwJV àH$meZ, 780, d¡embrZJa, ZmJnya- 17, ({ÛVr`md¥Îmr 1991)

4) {d. _. Xm§S>oH$a Am{U _. ^m OJVmn, '_hmamï´>mMr J«m_rU g_mOaMZm', àH$meH$: Y. am. JmS>Jri, JmoIbo AW©emó g§emoYZ g§ñWm (àH$meZ nmMdo), nwUo- 411 004 (1957); (nmZ 10)

5) S>m° ~m~m AmT>md, 'EH$ Jmd, EH$ nmUdR>m',

Christians in Mughalai (Marathwada) region

JmdHw$gm~mhoaMm {¼ñVr g_mO

H$m{_b nmaIo

àH$meH$: gwJmdm àH$meZ

1) _moJbmB©Vrb {¼ñVr ' amOdmS>m '

KmoJaJmdbm Amåhmbm Om`Mo Agbo {H$ AmXë`m {Xder Am_Mo _m_m ~¡bJmS>r KoD$Z lram_nyabm `oV AgV. KamVrb Amåhm H$mhr _wbm§Zm _J ~¡bJmS>rMr g¡a KS>V Ago. nhmQ>oM ñd`§nmH$ H$ê$Z ~mB© EH$m H$mnS>çmV ^mH$ar Am{U ~Q>mQ>çmMr ^mOr ~m§YyZ KoB©. ~amo~aÀ`m {nVirÀ`m H$S>rÀ`m Vm§ã`mV nmUr Ago. Xwnmar ~mamÀ`m gw_mamg WmoS>o\$ma nmUr Agboë`m JmoXmdarÀ`m nmÌmV Am_Mr ~¡bJmS>r CVabr {H$ Am_Mm àdmg H$mhr H$mi Wm§~o.

{edam__m_m JmS>rMo ~¡b gmoSy>Z Ë`m§Zm ZXrMo nmUr XmIdyZ AmUë`mZ§Va Ë`m§À`mg_moa H$S>~m Q>mH$s. 'J§Jm Amobm§S>br åhÝOo Ambmo AmnwZ AmVm _moJbmB©V, AmËVm H$m` {Zå_mM nadmg !' Ago åhUV ~mB© Amnë`m _mhoaÀ`m {XeoZo ZOa Q>mH$s. J§JoÀ`m C§M Vramda C^o am{hbo {H$ KmoJaJmdÀ`m {¼ñVamOm _§{XamMo C§M {eIa R>iH$nUo {XgVo Ago Vr Amåhmbm Zoho_r gm§JVo. gH$mi, Xwnmar Am{U g§Ü`mµH$mir àmW©ZogmR>r `m XodimMr K§Q>m dmOVo Voìhm Vmo AmdmO `oWn`ªV EoHy$ `oVmo hohr AZoH$Xm _r {VÀ`m Vm|Sy>Z EoH$V Ambmo Amho. _mÌ Z{XÀ`m H$mR>mda C§Mmda C^m amhÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$ê$Zhr _bm H$Yr Ë`m XodimMo Zm {eIa {Xgbo Zm Xwnmar ~mambm Ë`m K§Q>oMm AmdmO EoHy$ Ambm.

OodU Pmbo {H$ _J _m_m ZXrÀ`m dmhË`m àdmhmOdiÀ`m dmiyV ~marH$ IÈ>m V`ma H$ar. H$mhr jUmVM Ë`m IS>S>çmV nmUr da `oD$ bmJo. Vo nmUr EH$Xm {ZVi Pmbo {H$ _J AmoOirZo Amåhr Vo nmUr {nV Agy. _J nwÝhm Am_Mm ~¡bJmS>rZo àdmg gwê$ hmoB©. naVrMm doY bmJë`mZo ~¡b AmnUhÿZ H$go Xm¡S>V OmVmV, `mMm Ë`mdoir AZw^d `oB©.

JmoXmdarÀ`m EH$m {Vamda npíM_ _hmamï´>mVrb Ah_XZJa {OëømMr gr_maofm Va Xwgè`m {Vamda _amR>dmS>çmVrb Am¡a§Jm~mX {OëømMr gr_maofm Amho. Ah_XZJa {OëømÀ`m _wR>odmS>Jmd `oWyZ JmoXmdar Amobm§Sy>Z ^m_mQ>mU JmdmV àdoe Ho$bm {H$ _moJbmB© gwê$ hmoVo. ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV _amR>dmS>m àXoe h¡Xam~mXÀ`m {ZOm_mÀ`m Vmã`mV hmoVm. hm àXoe _moJbmB©Mm n[aga åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmB©.

JmoXmdarÀ`m àdmhmZo `m XmoZ n[agam§Mr {d^mJUr Ho$br Amho. {ZgJm©À`m `m {d^mJUrZo EH$_oH$m§g AJXr IoQy>Z Agboë`m `m VmbwŠ`m§Mm gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s`, Eo{Vhm{gH$ Am{U e¡j{UH$ dmagmhr nyU©V: {^Þ am{hbm Amho. {ZOm_emhrV d¡Omnya, J§Jmnya VmbwHo$ _amR>dmS>çmÀ`m BVa ^mJm§à_mUo Xwb©{jV am{hbo Am{U Ë`m§Mr hr nadS> _hmamï´>mÀ`m ñWmnZoZ§Vahr MmbyM am{hbr Amho. `mCbQ> npíM_ _hmamï´>mVrb lram_nya, H$monaJmd VmbwŠ`mbm ghH$mar MidirMo, ObqgMZmÀ`m Omù`mMo Am{U VmH$XdmZ amO{H$` MidirMo Am{U ZoV¥ËdmMo daXmZ bm^bo. JmoXmdarÀ`m {Vam§da C^o am{hbo åhUOo àJV npíM_ _hmamï´>mMo Am{U AmOhr _mJmg am{hboë`m _amR>dmS>çmMo `m gd©M joÌm§Vrb doJionU àH$fm©Zo OmUdVo.

JmoXmdarÀ`m àdmhmZo EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ {d^mJboë`m Ah_XZJa {OëømÀ`m lram_nya, amhþar, g§J_Zoa Am{U amhmVm `m VmbwŠ`m§V Am{U Am¡a§Jm~mX {OëømÀ`m d¡Omnya Am{U J§Jmnya VmbwŠ`m§V gìdmeo dfmªnydu åhUOo {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m AIoarg g_m§Va[aË`m {¼ñVr Y_m©§VamMr à{H$`m gwê$ Pmbr hmoVr. Ah_XZJa {OëømV O_©Z, Am°pñQ´>`Z Am{U ñdrg `oeyg§Kr` (OogwB©Q>) `m H°$Wmo{bH$ Y_©Jwê$§À`m g§ñWoMo gXñ` H$m_ H$aV hmoVo Va åhUOo _moJbmB© n[agamV {_eZarO Am°\$ g|Q> \«$mpÝgg S>r goëg (E_EgE\$Eg) `m Xwgè`m H°$Wmo{bH$ Y_©Jwê$§À`m g§ñWoMo \$mXabmoH$ H$m_ H$aV hmoVo.

n{hë`m _hm`wÜXmV 1915 gmbr {~«{Q>em§Zr Ah_XZJa {OëømV H$m_ H$aUmè`m O_©Z ZmJ[aH$ Agboë`m `oeyg§Kr` \$mXam§Mr qhXwñWmZmVyZ hH$mbnÅ>r Ho$br Voìhm _moJbmB©Vrb \«|$M ZmJarH$ Agbobo E_EgE\$Eg Y_©Jwê$ `oeyg§{K`m§À`m _XVrg YmdyZ Ambo. `m {OëømVrb amhmVm Am{U gmoZJmd Y_©J«m_m§V `oeyg§Kr` Y_©Jwê$§À`m AZwnpñWVrV 1921 n`ªV KmoJaJmdMo \$mXa Jw[a`Z Om{H$`a `m§Zr {eS>uOdirb amhmVm `oWo Am{U _amR>dmS>çmVrb Ë`m§Mo EH$ ghH$mar \$mXa Om°Z _oar ~oO} `m§Zr amhþarOdirb H|$Xi `oWo Y_©àgmamMo H$m`© Mmby R>odbo.1 `m _hm`wÜXmV \«$mÝg ho B§½b§S>Mo {_Ìamï´> Agë`mZo OÝ_mZo µ\«o$§M Agboë`m Y_©Jwê$§da {~«{Q>em§Zr Hw$R>bohr {Z~ªY bmXbo ZìhVo..

gZ 1973À`m gw_mamg _m_o~{hUrÀ`m b¾m{Z{_Îm gmVdrbm {eH$V AgVmZm _r KmoJaJmdbm Jobmo Voìhm _bm 'amOdmS>m', 'dog' 'MmdS>r' Am{U '_hma' `m eãXm§Mr n{hë`m§Xm AmoiI Pmbr. dog Zgboë`m Am{U AR>amnJS> OmVrY_m©Mo bmoH$ Zì`mZoM CX`mg Amboë`m Am_ì`m lram_nwa ehamV amhV Agë`mZo VoWo _bm `m eãXm§Mr AmoiI AgUo eŠ`M ZìhVo. KmoJaJmdmV {¼ñVamOmÀ`m XodimnmgyZ H$mhr A§Vamda Agboë`m OmJoV _mÂ`m AmOmo~m§Zr, JmoqdXamd {eZJa|Zr, ^|S>çm§Mo nm§T>è`m _mVrV ~m§Ybobo MmanmM Imoë`m§Mo Ka hmoVo. VoWoM Ë`mdoir em§ËdZ_m_m, {edam__m_m amhV hmoVo. Amgnmg AerM nm§T>è`m _mVrZo ~m§Ybobr AZoH$ Kao hmoVr. hr gd© Kao Agboë`m n[agambm 'amOdmS>m' Ago åhUV AgV. _mPo MwbV_m_m AmoT>çmÀ`m n{bH$S>o Agboë`m eoVmVrb PmonS>r§V amhV AgV. eoVmda Joë`mda A_wH$ OU Hw$R>o Jobm Aer {dMmaUm Pmbr {H$ Vmo 'amOdmS>çmda Agob' Ago CÎma H$mZmda Ambo {H$ _r ~wMH$i`mV nS>V Ago. 'Mm§Xmo~m' _m{gH$mV Am{U BVa Jmoï>r§À`m nwñVH$m§V amOoamOdmS>çm§À`m H$Wm dmMë`m_wio BWo 'amOdmS>m' hm H$m` àH$ma Amho ho H$iV Zgo. `m{df`r _r ~mB©bm {dMmabo Voìhm {VZo {Xboë`m CÎmam_wio Iwbmgm hmoÊ`mEodOr _mÂ`m _ZmVrb Jm|YimV A{YH$M ^a nS>br.

''Ama§ amOdmS>m åhÝOr åhmam§Mr dñVr, åhmadmS>m eãX ~am {XgV Zmhr åhZyZ amOdmS>m Ag§M åhÝË`mV,'' Ago {VMo CÎma hmoVo.

''AJ§ nZ ~mB©, AmnwZ åhma H$eo? AmnwZ Va {I[añVr Zm?'' _mÂ`m `m àíZmbm _mÂ`m {Zaja AmB©H$S>o CÎma ZìhVo. "AmËVm ~mB©, H$m` gm§Jmdm `m ßdmambm?'' Ago AM§ã`mZo Vm|S>mbm nXa bmdV åhUV Vr {~Mmar Jßn ~gbr hmoVr.

`m 'amOdmS>çmÀ`m' bmJyZM AJXr nS>PS>rbm Ambobr EH$ dog hmoVr. ~hþYm `m doern{bH$S>oM OwÝ`m H$mimV Jmd Am{U VoWo C?d{U©`m§Mr dñVr Agmdr. `m JmdmV Vã~b Mmirg df} am{hbobo Am{U `oWoM Xoh R>odbobo \$mXa Om{H$`a~m~m Amnë`m KmoS>mJmS>rV ~gyZ dm KmoS>çmda ñdma hmoD$Z Zoho_rMr `o-Om H$aV AgUma. `wamo{n`Z Agë`mZo qhXw g_mOmVrb Ccca?d{U©`m§à_mUoM Ë`m§Zmhr doerImbyZ KmoS>çmda ~gyZ `oÊ`mOmÊ`mMm _mZ Ë`m§Zm hmoVm. doerÀ`m AmVë`m ~mOybm amOdmS>çmbmbmJyZM Voìhmhr _O~yV pñWVrV Agbobr EH$ MmdS>r hmoVr. amOdmS>çmVM hr MmdS>r Agë`mZo amOdmS>çmV amhUmè`m bmoH$m§MrM Vr hmoVr. amOdmS>çmVrb AZoH$ nwê$f_§S>ir VoWo ~gV Agë`mMo Am{U _rhr VoWo Joë`mMo _bm ñnï> AmR>dVo.

_hmamï´>mV OwÝ`m H$mimV àË`oH$ JmdmV ñn¥í`m§gmR>r Am{U Añn¥í`m§gmR>r Aem XmoZ ñdV§Ì MmdS>çm AgV. gdUm©À`m MmdS>rbm JmdMmdS>r Am{U Añn¥í`m§À`m MmdS>rbm _hma MmdS>r åhUV AgV. Jmd MmdS>rV ~gyZ ñn¥í` _§S>ir, nmQ>rb, VbmR>r Am{U JmdH$sMo H$m_ H$aUmao _hma am_moer ~gyZ JmdMm gm_m{OH$ Am{U emgH$s` H$ma^ma nmhV AgV Va _hma MmdS>rV ~gyZ _hma _§S>ir Amnë`m OmVrMm H$ma^ma nmhV AgV. Aem `m XmoZ MmdS>çm§{edm` Jmdm§V BVa g_mOmÀ`m, OmVrÀ`m ñdV§Ì MmdS>çm ZgV Ago S>m°. e§H$aamd IamVm§Zr {b{hbo Amho.2 A{bµH$S>À`m H$mimV Jmd MmdS>rMo ê$nm§Va g_mO_§{XamV Pmbo Am{U H$mhr {R>H$mUr ~m¡ÜX Y_© ñdrH$maboë`m bmoH$m§Zr _hma MmdS>rMo ~wÜX_§Xra qH$dm ~wÜX{dhma Ago Zm_H$aU Ho$ë`mMo {XgVo. _hma g_mO ~hþg§»`oZo {¼ñVr Y_m©V Joboë`m Jmdm§V AWm©VM `m _hma MmdS>çm§Mr H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV Añn¥í`VoÀ`m Mmbr[aVrà_mUoM nS>PS> Pmbr.

lram_nwa ehamV {edm{edrMm àË`j AZw^d KoVë`mMo _bm AmR>dV Zmhr. Á`m Kam§V gmodù`mAmodù`mMr àWm Ago Ë`mVyZ Ë`m KamVrb BVa ì`º$s¨Mrhr gwQ>H$m Zgm`Mr, Ë`m_wio `m àH$mam~m~V Hw$Ur \$mago _Zmbm bmdyZ KoV ZgV. Xa {Xdmirbm Am_À`m Kar eoOmaÀ`m _mir_amR>m Hw$Qw>§~m§Mr \$amimMr VmQ>o `oV, B©Xbm _wgb_mZ eoOmè`m§Mm era-Hw$a_m `oB© Am{U ZmVmimbm Am_À`mH$Sy>Z \$amimMr VmQ>o Ë`m gJù`m§H$S>o OmV. Am_À`m KamVyZ AmirVrb BVa H$mhr Kam§V AmR>dS>çmVyZ XmoZ-{VZXmVar H$mbdUm§Mr, ^mOr§Mr XodmUKodmU hmoV Ago. a{ddmar Am_À`mH$S>o h_Img demQ>mMo OodU Agë`mZo Ë`m{Xder `m XodmUKodmUrda ñW{JVr Agm`Mr. Ë`m_wio Amnë`m hmVM§ H$mhr bmoH$m§Zm MmbV Zmhr Am{U Vo H$m MmbV Zmhr ho _bm Iyn H$mi H$imboM Zmhr. `m àíZm§Mr CÎmao emoYÊ`mMr {ZH$S>hr Ë`mdoir ^mgbr Zmhr.

_mÂ`m _m_m§~amo~a KmoJaJmdmVrb dm Z{OH$À`m IoS>çm§Vrb H$mhr _mUgo lram_nwamV H$m_m{Z{_Îm Amë`mg Am_À`mhr Kar `oV AgV. Ë`m§À`mgmR>r nmÊ`mMm Vm§ã`m AmUbm {H$ Ë`m§À`mVrb H$mhr OU nmUr {nV ZgV. Ë`mZ§Va Ambobm Mhm KoÊ`mMohr Q>miV AgV. _mPo dS>rbnU bJoM Ë`m§Zm 'g_OyZ' KoD$Z MhmnmÊ`mMm AmJ«h H$aV ZgV. ''~mhoê$Z nadmg H$ê$Z Amboë`m nmìhÝ`mZo nmÝ`mbm, Àhmbm Zmhr åhÝb§ Va CJmM AmJah H$am`Mm ZñVmo. AmnwZ C_OyZ ¿`md§ {H$ hr _mÝg§ _amR>§ AgVrb. Ë`mÝZm Amßë`m hmVM§ MmbV ZñV§,"" Aer ~mB©Mr _J AmVë`m ImobrVbr EH$ g„mdOm {Q>nÊUr Agm`Mr.

AmOmoiÀ`m Ë`m dmñVì`mV _bm n{hë`m§XmM X{bV g_mOmVyZ {¼ñVr Pmboë`m g_mOmÀ`m A§Va§JmMr Am{U gm_m{OH$ nmíd©^y_rMr nwgQ>er OmUrd Pmbr. AmOmoiMr Vr daÀ`m OmVtVrb _mUgo KamV Ambr {H$ Ë`m§Mr dmJUyH$ Amåhm Y_m©§V[aV {¼ñVr g_mOmbm Am_Mr Iar AmoiI Am{U g_mOmVrb Am_Mr OmJm XmIdyZ XoV Ago. Xa a{ddmar XodimV AmnU b°Q>rZ ^mfoV {_ñgm Am{U àmW©Zm H$aV Agbmo Var AmnU H$mhr `wamo{n`Z Zmhr Am{U AmnU g_OVmo {VVH$m Amnbm {¼ñVr g_mO 'nwT>o Jobobm' Zmhr `mMr OmUrdhr Voìhm _bm n{hë`m§Xm Pmbr.

g§X^©:

1) \$mXa \«$mpÝgg _m°Oo (E_EgE\$Eg), eo\$S>©g \$m°a ¼mB©ñQ>- A ñQ>moar Am°\$ X H°$Wmo{bH$ MM© BZ g|Q´>b B§{S>`m- (1907-1960); Am`Am`Eg npãbHo$eÝg, B§{S>`Z BpñQ>Q>çwQ> Am°\$ pñn[aÀ`wA[a{bQ>r, 80, âbrQ> ñQ´>rQ>, amOmOrZJa, ~|Jbmoa, 560 010 (1990) (nmZ 75); Am{U ^m. A. nbKS>_b, 'g§J_Zoa Y_©J«m_mbm 75 df} nyU© hmoVmV', ' {Zamoß`m' _m{gH$ , Am°JñQ> 1967, (nmZ 114)

2) S>m°. e§H$aamd IamV, '_hmamï´>mVrb _hmam§Mm B{Vhmg - OmVrMr CËnÎmr d {dH$mgmMm B{Vhmg,' `ed§Vamd MìhmU g_mOemó g§emoYZ H|$Ð Am{U ^maVr {dÚmnrR> nwUo, B§Ðm`Ur gm{hË`, 273, e{Zdma noR>, nwUo 411 030 (2003); (nmZ 57 Am{U 58)

(nyd©à{gÜXr-'gwJmdm' _m{gH$, OyZ 2007)