Untouchability: The world outside and inside the village gate (Marathi)

 JmdHw$gm~mhoaMm {¼ñVr g_mO,  H$m{_b nmaIo

gwJmdm àH$meZ, nwUo

2) JmdHw$gmVrb, JmdHw$gm~mhoaMo OJ

{h§XwñWmZmV {~«{Q>em§Mm A§_b gwê$ Pmbm Voìhm `m XoemVrb ~hþVoH$ àm§Vm§Vrb g_mO Añn¥í`, Añn¥í` Am{U doJdoJù`m OmVr-O_mVtV {d^mJbm hmoVm. {~«{Q>em§À`m amOdQ>rV nmíMmË` {dMmam§Mo XoemV dmao dmhÿ bmJbo VgVgo nwamoJm_r nwT>mè`m§Zr Añn¥í`Vm{Z_w©bZmgmR>r bT>m gwê$ Ho$bm. _mÌ Xoembm ñdmV§Í` {_imë`mZ§Va Am{U H$m`ÚmZo Añn¥í`VmnmbZmda ~§Xr `oD$Zhr hr àWm {H$Ë`oH$ df} MmbyM am{hbr hmoVr. Añn¥í`m§Zm Ë`mH$mimV ^moJmì`m bmJUmè`m `mVZm§Mr _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimVrb J«m_rU g_mOOrdZmMr AmoiI AgUo Oê$arMo Amho.

_hmamï´>mVrb IoS>oJmdm§V Ë`m nyU© JmdmVrb bmoH$dñVr EH$mM {R>H$mUr AmT>iV Zmhr. H$mhr OU Amnë`m eoVm§da amhV AgVmV, H$mhr {R>H$mUr Xhm~mam Kao EH$Ì AmT>iVmV Am{U Ë`m dñVrbm dmS>r åhQ>bo OmVo. JmdMr _w»` dñVr åhUOo JmdR>mU. H$moH$UMm AndmX gmoS>bm Va JmdR>mU Am{U dmS>çm AemàH$maMr dñVr ~hþVoH$ {R>H$mUr gmnS>Vo. `m JmdR>mUm^modVr Mmoam-XamoS>oImoam§nmgyZ g§ajUmgmR>r VQ>~§Xr Ho$br Agm`Mr, `m VQ>~§Xrbm JmdHw$gy åhQ>bo Om`Mo. JmdR>mUmV åhUOo `m JmdHw$gmÀ`m AmV g_mOmÀ`m C? dUm©À`m åhUOo ñn¥í` OmVrÀ`m bmoH$m§Mr Kao Agm`Mr. JmdHw$gmÀ`m ~mhoa ImbÀ`m OmVrÀ`m, Añn¥í` OmVr§À`m bmoH$m§Mr dñVr Agm`Mr. `m Añn¥í` g_mOmV _hma, _m§J Am{U Mm§^ma `m OmVtMm g_mdoe Agm`Mm. _hmamï´>mÀ`m OdiOdi gd©M ^mJm§V Añn¥í` g_mOmV _hma OmVrÀ`m bmoH$m§Mr g§»`m gdm©{YH$ AmT>iVo.

JmdHw$gmÀ`m AmVrb daÀ`m OmVr§À`m Am{U JmdHw$gm~mhoaÀ`m ~{hîH¥$V, ImbÀ`m OmVr§À`m g_mOOrdZmMo Xe©Z KS>dUmar H$mhr nwñVHo$ {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwédmVrg Am{U Ë`mZ§Va à{gÜX Pmbr hmoVr. {~«{Q>e A_XmZrÀ`m H$mimV ñn¥í`m§Mo Am{U Añn¥í`m§Mo nañnag§~§Y, ~bwVoXmar Am{U JmdHw$gm~mhoa OJUmè`m bmoH$m§Mr VËH$mbrZ OrdZe¡br `m~Ôb {dídmgmh© _mZVm `oB©b Aer _m{hVr hr nwñVHo$ nwadVmV. Ë`mH$mimVrb g_mOOrdZmMm Aä`mg H$aUmè`m g§emoYH$m§À`mÑï>rZo hr nwñVHo$ AË`§V _wë`dmZ AmhoV. {̧~H$ Zmam`U AmÌo `m§Zr {b{hbobo 'JmdJmS>m' Am{U 1915 gmbr à{gÜX Pmbobo ho Ë`mn¡H$s EH$ AË`§V _hÎdmMo nwñVH$ Amho.1 {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwê$dmVrVrb Aìdb B§J«Or A§_XmZrÀ`m H$mimVrb npíM_ _hmamï´>mVrb J«m_rU OrdZmMr ho nwñVH$ AmoiI H$ê$Z XoVo. aoìh AboŠPm§S>a am°~Q>©gZ `m§Mo 1938 gmbr à{gÜX Pmbobo 'Xr _hma \$moëH$ - A ñQ>S>r Am°\$ AZQ>Mo~ëg BZ _hmamï´>' `m nwñVH$mVyZ Ah_XZJa, am`JS> (Hw$bm~m ho AmYrMo Zmd) {Oëho Am{U ZmJnya `m n[agamVrb _hmam§Mo JmdJmS>çmVrb ñWmZ Am{U Ë`m§Mr OrdZe¡br `m{df`r _m{hVr {_iVo.2 (`m nwñVH$mMr _amR>r Amd¥Îmrhr AmVm CnbãY Amho. 3 ) Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimVrb åhUOo 1950À`m Xaå`mZ _hmamï´>mVrb Jm_rU g_mOOrdZmMr _m{hVr H$ê$Z XoUmao {d. _. Xm§S>oH$a Am{U _. ^m OJVmn `m§Zr {b{hbobo '_hmamï´>mMr J«m_rU g_mOaMZm' ho AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmMo nwñVH$ Amho. nwÊ`mÀ`m JmoIbo AW©emó g§emoYZ g§ñWoZo _hmamï´>mV 1951-52 gmbr gd}jU Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë`m gd}jUmVyZ hmVr Ambobr _m{hVr `m nwñVH$mV g§H$brV Ho$br Amho.4 ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimVhr Añn¥í`m§Zm Hw$R>ë`m hmbAnoï>m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJV hmoVo `mMo {MÌU 1970 Z§Va à{gÜX Pmboë`m AZoH$ X{bV boIH$m§À`m AmË_H$WZm§VyZ ñnï> Pmbo Amho.

JmdHw$gm~mhoaÀ`m _hmam§À`m dñVrbm _hmadmS>m Am{U _m§JmÀ`m dñVrbm _m§JdmS>m åhUV AgV. _moJbmB©Vrb d¡Omnya Am{U J§Jmnya VmbwŠ`mVrb _hmadmS>çmbm 'amOdmS>m' AgoM g§~moYbo OmVo. `oWrb AZoH$ Jmdm§Vrb _hma bmoH$ e§^a dfmªnyduM {¼ñVr Pmbo Agbo Var EH${dgmì`m eVH$mV AmOhr Ë`m§Mr dñVr amOdmS>m qH$dm _hmadmS>m åhUyZM AmoiIbr OmVo. Y_mªVam_wio Ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ pñWVrV \$magm ~Xb Pmbm Zmhr `mMoM ho g§~moYZ EH$ ÚmoVH$ Amho.

ImZXoe, _amR>dmS>m dJ¡ao n[agam§V JmdHw$gmMo ~m§YH$m_ XJS>mMo qH$dm ^|S>mMo åhUOo nm§T>è`m _mVrÀ`m H$ÀÀ`m {dQ>m§Mo Agm`Mo. JmdHw$gmÀ`m ~mhoa nS>Ê`mÀ`m dmQ>oda XadmOm Agm`Mm. nyduÀ`m H$mir doerMo ho XadmOo gy`m©ñVmnmgyZ gy`m}X`mn`ªV ~§X Ho$bo OmV AgV Am{U àË`oH$ doerda amIUrgmR>r dogH$a åhUyZ EH$ _hma ~gV Ago.

Á`m Jmdmbm ZXrAmoT>çmgma»`m dmhË`m àdmhmMo nmUr {nÊ`mgmR>r dmnabo OmB© Aem {R>H$mUr Añn¥í`m§Mr dñVr nmÊ`mÀ`m àdmhmÀ`m ImbÀ`m ~mOyZo Ago. AemàH$mao daÀ`m OmVrMo bmoH$ ZXrMo nmUr àdmhmÀ`m daÀ`m ~mOyg ^aV Am{U ImbÀ`m OmVrMo, Añn¥í` bmoH$ àdmhmÀ`m ImbÀ`m ~mOyg nmUr ^aV. Ë`m_wio Añn¥í`m§À`m ñnem©Zo {dQ>mi Pmbobo nmUr dmnaÊ`mMm YmoH$m {Z_m©U hmoV Zgo.

ZXrda qH$dm AmoT>çm§da gm_m{OH$ CVa§S>rZwgma doJdoJù`m {R>H$mUr {d{eï> OmVtMo nmUdQ>o AgV. àdmhmÀ`m daÀ`m ~mOybm gd©àW_ g_mOmÀ`m gdm©V loð> Aem ~«m÷U OmVrMo nmUdR>o, Agm`Mo, Ë`mZ§Va ImbÀ`m OmVtMo åhUOo _amR>m, _mir dJ¡ao ñn¥í` OmVtMo nmUdR>o Agm`Mo. ñn¥í`m§À`m nmUdR>çmImbr Añn¥í`m§Mo nmUdR>o gwê$ hmoV. Ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ ñVam§Zwgma åhUOo AmYr am_moer d Mm§^ma, Ë`mZ§Va T>moa, Ë`mÀ`mImbr _hma, _hmam§À`m Imbr _m§Jm§Mo nmUdR>o AgV. gdmªÀ`m eodQ>r Imbr ^§Jr OmVrMm nmUdR>m Ago.

_mÌ {dQ>mi Pmbobo Ë`m ZXrAmoT>çm§Mo nmUr Ë`mZ§Vahr dmhVM amhm`Mo Am{U Xwgè`m Jmdm§V VoM nmUr C? dUmªMo bmoH$ n{hë`m§Xm dmnaV AgV. dmhË`m nmÊ`mbm {dQ>mi ZgVmo Aer EH$ åhU _amR>rV Amho, Vr ~hþYm `m H$maUm_wioM Aem _`m©{XV AWm©Zo ê$T> Pmbr Agmdr.

H$mhr Jmdm§V gmd©O{ZH$ AmS> qH$dm {dhrarVrb nmUr dmnabo OmB©. _mÌ _hma, _m§J, Mm§^ma, T>moa, am_moer Am{U H¡$H$mS>rgma»`m ImbÀ`m OmVrÀ`m bmoH$m§Zm `m VWmH${WV gmd©O{ZH$ {d{harda nmUr ^aÊ`mMr nadmZJr ZìhVr. Ë`m§À`mgmR>r doJio {dhra qH$dm AmS> Agm`Mo. _mÌ _hmam§À`m {d{harda _m§Jm§Zm nmUr ^aVm `oV Zgo. _mÂ`m AmOmoimV åhUOo KmoJaJmdmV 'amOdmS>çmV' åhUOo _hmadmS>çmV ñdV§Ì {dhra hmoVr, ho _bm ñnï> AmR>dVo. amOdmS>çmVrb `m {dhrarbm JmdmVrb ñn¥í`m§À`m {d{harnojm df©^a A{YH$ _w~bH$ nmUr Agm`Mo Ago _mPr AmB© AOyZ gm§JV AgVo.

Á`m Añn¥í` OmVtZm ñdV:Mr {dhra Zgo Ë`mbmoH$m§Zm _J BVam§À`m _ohoa~mZrda Adb§~yZ amhmdo bmJo. gmd©O{ZH$ {dhrarda VmgZVmg C^o amhÿZ H$moUrVar Ë`m§Zm nmUr dmTy>Z XoB©b `mMr Ë`m§Zm dmQ> nmhmdo bmJo. nmUr ß`m`Mo Agbo Var Ë`m§Zr Imbr dmHy$Z hmVmMr Am|Oi Ho$ë`mZ§Va ñn¥í` bmoH$ bm§~yZ dê$Z nmUr AmoVV AgV.

Añn¥í`m§Zm gmd©O{ZH$ nmUdQ>o Iwbr H$aÊ`mV `mdr `m _mJUrgmR>r S>m° ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr H$moH$UmVrb _hmS> `oWo 1927 gmbr bT>m Ho$bm. VoWrb MdXma Vù`mMo nmUr Añn¥í`m§Zr MmIbo. _mÌ Var gmd©O{ZH$ nmUdQ>o Añn¥í`m§Zm Iwbo hmoÊ`mgmR>r AmUIr {H$VrVar XeH$m§Mm H$mbmdYr Omdm bmJbm. 'Añn¥í` O_mVr gmd©O{ZH$ {d{harda nmUr ^ê$ bmJë`mMo EH$hr CXmhaU Amåhr nmhUr Ho$boë`m 72 Jmdm§V {_imbo Zmhr' Ago {d. _. Xm§S>oH$a Am{U _. ^m. OJVmn `m§Zr 1957 gmbr à{gÜX Pmboë`m Amnë`m nwñVH$mV {b{hbo Amho. g_mOgodH$ S>m° ~m~m AmT>md `m§Zr Añn¥í`Vm àWoMo {Z_©byZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r 1970À`m XeH$mV 'EH$ Jmd, EH$ nmUdR>m' `moOZm am~dÊ`mgmR>r _hmamï´>mV Midi am~dbr hmoVr. 'EH$ Jmd, EH$ nmUdR>m' `mM {ef©H$mÀ`m nwñVH$mV S>m° AmT>mdm§Zr OmVrg§~§YmVrb Amnbo AZw^d gm§{JVbo AmhoV.5

h„r J«m_rU ^mJm§V gJirH$S>oM JmdR>mU, JmdHw$gy Am{U dog `m Jmoï>r B{VhmgO_m Pmë`m AmhoV. _mÌ `m OwÝ`m ~m§YH$m_m§Mr nS>PS> Pmbobr Agbr Var Ë`m§À`mer {ZJS>rV g_mOaMZoV Am{U g_mOmÀ`m _mZ{gH$VoV \$magm ~Xb Pmbobm Zmhr. AÑí` ñdénmV `oWo AmOhr JmdHw$gmÀ`m AmV Am{U JmdHw$gm~mhoa OJUmar XmoZ doJdoJio OJ AmT>iVmV.

g§X^©:

1) qÌ~H$ Zmam`U AmÌo, 'Jmd-JmS>m' ; àH$meH$: h. A. ^mdo, daXm ~wŠg, 397/1, goZmnVr ~mnQ> _mJ©, nwUo 411 016 ({Vgar Amd¥Îmr, nwZ_w©ÐU 1995)

2) AboŠPm§S>a am°~Q>©gZ, 'Xr _hma \$moëH$ - A ñQ>S>r Am°\$ AZQ>Mo~ëg BZ _hmamï´>' Xr [a{b{OAg bmB©\$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m'; àH$meH$: dm` E_ gr E.npãbqeJ hmD$g, 5, agob ñQ´>rQ>, H$mobH$mVm, håào {_b\$moS>©, Am°Šg\$moS>© `w{Zìh{g©Q>r àog (1938); Xwgè`m Amd¥VrMo àH$meH$ S>m°. AemoH$ Jm`H$dmS>, H$m¡eë` àH$meZ, EZ-11, gr-3/24/3, hS>H$mo, Am¡a§Jm~mX, 431 003 (2005)

3) AboŠPm§S>a am°~Q>©gZ, '_hma bmoH$- _hmamï´>mVrb Añn¥í`m§Mm Aä`mg (^maVmMo Ym{_©H$ OrdZ), AZwdmXH$: {^jw grd{b~moYr Am{U ñ_aU X{hdbo; àH$meH$: Xo. am. nJmao, gwJV àH$meZ, 780, d¡embrZJa, ZmJnya- 17, ({ÛVr`md¥Îmr 1991)

4) {d. _. Xm§S>oH$a Am{U _. ^m OJVmn, '_hmamï´>mMr J«m_rU g_mOaMZm', àH$meH$: Y. am. JmS>Jri, JmoIbo AW©emó g§emoYZ g§ñWm (àH$meZ nmMdo), nwUo- 411 004 (1957); (nmZ 10)

5) S>m° ~m~m AmT>md, 'EH$ Jmd, EH$ nmUdR>m',

Christians in Mughalai (Marathwada) region

JmdHw$gm~mhoaMm {¼ñVr g_mO

H$m{_b nmaIo

àH$meH$: gwJmdm àH$meZ

1) _moJbmB©Vrb {¼ñVr ' amOdmS>m '

KmoJaJmdbm Amåhmbm Om`Mo Agbo {H$ AmXë`m {Xder Am_Mo _m_m ~¡bJmS>r KoD$Z lram_nyabm `oV AgV. KamVrb Amåhm H$mhr _wbm§Zm _J ~¡bJmS>rMr g¡a KS>V Ago. nhmQ>oM ñd`§nmH$ H$ê$Z ~mB© EH$m H$mnS>çmV ^mH$ar Am{U ~Q>mQ>çmMr ^mOr ~m§YyZ KoB©. ~amo~aÀ`m {nVirÀ`m H$S>rÀ`m Vm§ã`mV nmUr Ago. Xwnmar ~mamÀ`m gw_mamg WmoS>o\$ma nmUr Agboë`m JmoXmdarÀ`m nmÌmV Am_Mr ~¡bJmS>r CVabr {H$ Am_Mm àdmg H$mhr H$mi Wm§~o.

{edam__m_m JmS>rMo ~¡b gmoSy>Z Ë`m§Zm ZXrMo nmUr XmIdyZ AmUë`mZ§Va Ë`m§À`mg_moa H$S>~m Q>mH$s. 'J§Jm Amobm§S>br åhÝOo Ambmo AmnwZ AmVm _moJbmB©V, AmËVm H$m` {Zå_mM nadmg !' Ago åhUV ~mB© Amnë`m _mhoaÀ`m {XeoZo ZOa Q>mH$s. J§JoÀ`m C§M Vramda C^o am{hbo {H$ KmoJaJmdÀ`m {¼ñVamOm _§{XamMo C§M {eIa R>iH$nUo {XgVo Ago Vr Amåhmbm Zoho_r gm§JVo. gH$mi, Xwnmar Am{U g§Ü`mµH$mir àmW©ZogmR>r `m XodimMr K§Q>m dmOVo Voìhm Vmo AmdmO `oWn`ªV EoHy$ `oVmo hohr AZoH$Xm _r {VÀ`m Vm|Sy>Z EoH$V Ambmo Amho. _mÌ Z{XÀ`m H$mR>mda C§Mmda C^m amhÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$ê$Zhr _bm H$Yr Ë`m XodimMo Zm {eIa {Xgbo Zm Xwnmar ~mambm Ë`m K§Q>oMm AmdmO EoHy$ Ambm.

OodU Pmbo {H$ _J _m_m ZXrÀ`m dmhË`m àdmhmOdiÀ`m dmiyV ~marH$ IÈ>m V`ma H$ar. H$mhr jUmVM Ë`m IS>S>çmV nmUr da `oD$ bmJo. Vo nmUr EH$Xm {ZVi Pmbo {H$ _J AmoOirZo Amåhr Vo nmUr {nV Agy. _J nwÝhm Am_Mm ~¡bJmS>rZo àdmg gwê$ hmoB©. naVrMm doY bmJë`mZo ~¡b AmnUhÿZ H$go Xm¡S>V OmVmV, `mMm Ë`mdoir AZw^d `oB©.

JmoXmdarÀ`m EH$m {Vamda npíM_ _hmamï´>mVrb Ah_XZJa {OëømMr gr_maofm Va Xwgè`m {Vamda _amR>dmS>çmVrb Am¡a§Jm~mX {OëømMr gr_maofm Amho. Ah_XZJa {OëømÀ`m _wR>odmS>Jmd `oWyZ JmoXmdar Amobm§Sy>Z ^m_mQ>mU JmdmV àdoe Ho$bm {H$ _moJbmB© gwê$ hmoVo. ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV _amR>dmS>m àXoe h¡Xam~mXÀ`m {ZOm_mÀ`m Vmã`mV hmoVm. hm àXoe _moJbmB©Mm n[aga åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmB©.

JmoXmdarÀ`m àdmhmZo `m XmoZ n[agam§Mr {d^mJUr Ho$br Amho. {ZgJm©À`m `m {d^mJUrZo EH$_oH$m§g AJXr IoQy>Z Agboë`m `m VmbwŠ`m§Mm gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s`, Eo{Vhm{gH$ Am{U e¡j{UH$ dmagmhr nyU©V: {^Þ am{hbm Amho. {ZOm_emhrV d¡Omnya, J§Jmnya VmbwHo$ _amR>dmS>çmÀ`m BVa ^mJm§à_mUo Xwb©{jV am{hbo Am{U Ë`m§Mr hr nadS> _hmamï´>mÀ`m ñWmnZoZ§Vahr MmbyM am{hbr Amho. `mCbQ> npíM_ _hmamï´>mVrb lram_nya, H$monaJmd VmbwŠ`mbm ghH$mar MidirMo, ObqgMZmÀ`m Omù`mMo Am{U VmH$XdmZ amO{H$` MidirMo Am{U ZoV¥ËdmMo daXmZ bm^bo. JmoXmdarÀ`m {Vam§da C^o am{hbo åhUOo àJV npíM_ _hmamï´>mMo Am{U AmOhr _mJmg am{hboë`m _amR>dmS>çmMo `m gd©M joÌm§Vrb doJionU àH$fm©Zo OmUdVo.

JmoXmdarÀ`m àdmhmZo EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ {d^mJboë`m Ah_XZJa {OëømÀ`m lram_nya, amhþar, g§J_Zoa Am{U amhmVm `m VmbwŠ`m§V Am{U Am¡a§Jm~mX {OëømÀ`m d¡Omnya Am{U J§Jmnya VmbwŠ`m§V gìdmeo dfmªnydu åhUOo {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m AIoarg g_m§Va[aË`m {¼ñVr Y_m©§VamMr à{H$`m gwê$ Pmbr hmoVr. Ah_XZJa {OëømV O_©Z, Am°pñQ´>`Z Am{U ñdrg `oeyg§Kr` (OogwB©Q>) `m H°$Wmo{bH$ Y_©Jwê$§À`m g§ñWoMo gXñ` H$m_ H$aV hmoVo Va åhUOo _moJbmB© n[agamV {_eZarO Am°\$ g|Q> \«$mpÝgg S>r goëg (E_EgE\$Eg) `m Xwgè`m H°$Wmo{bH$ Y_©Jwê$§À`m g§ñWoMo \$mXabmoH$ H$m_ H$aV hmoVo.

n{hë`m _hm`wÜXmV 1915 gmbr {~«{Q>em§Zr Ah_XZJa {OëømV H$m_ H$aUmè`m O_©Z ZmJ[aH$ Agboë`m `oeyg§Kr` \$mXam§Mr qhXwñWmZmVyZ hH$mbnÅ>r Ho$br Voìhm _moJbmB©Vrb \«|$M ZmJarH$ Agbobo E_EgE\$Eg Y_©Jwê$ `oeyg§{K`m§À`m _XVrg YmdyZ Ambo. `m {OëømVrb amhmVm Am{U gmoZJmd Y_©J«m_m§V `oeyg§Kr` Y_©Jwê$§À`m AZwnpñWVrV 1921 n`ªV KmoJaJmdMo \$mXa Jw[a`Z Om{H$`a `m§Zr {eS>uOdirb amhmVm `oWo Am{U _amR>dmS>çmVrb Ë`m§Mo EH$ ghH$mar \$mXa Om°Z _oar ~oO} `m§Zr amhþarOdirb H|$Xi `oWo Y_©àgmamMo H$m`© Mmby R>odbo.1 `m _hm`wÜXmV \«$mÝg ho B§½b§S>Mo {_Ìamï´> Agë`mZo OÝ_mZo µ\«o$§M Agboë`m Y_©Jwê$§da {~«{Q>em§Zr Hw$R>bohr {Z~ªY bmXbo ZìhVo..

gZ 1973À`m gw_mamg _m_o~{hUrÀ`m b¾m{Z{_Îm gmVdrbm {eH$V AgVmZm _r KmoJaJmdbm Jobmo Voìhm _bm 'amOdmS>m', 'dog' 'MmdS>r' Am{U '_hma' `m eãXm§Mr n{hë`m§Xm AmoiI Pmbr. dog Zgboë`m Am{U AR>amnJS> OmVrY_m©Mo bmoH$ Zì`mZoM CX`mg Amboë`m Am_ì`m lram_nwa ehamV amhV Agë`mZo VoWo _bm `m eãXm§Mr AmoiI AgUo eŠ`M ZìhVo. KmoJaJmdmV {¼ñVamOmÀ`m XodimnmgyZ H$mhr A§Vamda Agboë`m OmJoV _mÂ`m AmOmo~m§Zr, JmoqdXamd {eZJa|Zr, ^|S>çm§Mo nm§T>è`m _mVrV ~m§Ybobo MmanmM Imoë`m§Mo Ka hmoVo. VoWoM Ë`mdoir em§ËdZ_m_m, {edam__m_m amhV hmoVo. Amgnmg AerM nm§T>è`m _mVrZo ~m§Ybobr AZoH$ Kao hmoVr. hr gd© Kao Agboë`m n[agambm 'amOdmS>m' Ago åhUV AgV. _mPo MwbV_m_m AmoT>çmÀ`m n{bH$S>o Agboë`m eoVmVrb PmonS>r§V amhV AgV. eoVmda Joë`mda A_wH$ OU Hw$R>o Jobm Aer {dMmaUm Pmbr {H$ Vmo 'amOdmS>çmda Agob' Ago CÎma H$mZmda Ambo {H$ _r ~wMH$i`mV nS>V Ago. 'Mm§Xmo~m' _m{gH$mV Am{U BVa Jmoï>r§À`m nwñVH$m§V amOoamOdmS>çm§À`m H$Wm dmMë`m_wio BWo 'amOdmS>m' hm H$m` àH$ma Amho ho H$iV Zgo. `m{df`r _r ~mB©bm {dMmabo Voìhm {VZo {Xboë`m CÎmam_wio Iwbmgm hmoÊ`mEodOr _mÂ`m _ZmVrb Jm|YimV A{YH$M ^a nS>br.

''Ama§ amOdmS>m åhÝOr åhmam§Mr dñVr, åhmadmS>m eãX ~am {XgV Zmhr åhZyZ amOdmS>m Ag§M åhÝË`mV,'' Ago {VMo CÎma hmoVo.

''AJ§ nZ ~mB©, AmnwZ åhma H$eo? AmnwZ Va {I[añVr Zm?'' _mÂ`m `m àíZmbm _mÂ`m {Zaja AmB©H$S>o CÎma ZìhVo. "AmËVm ~mB©, H$m` gm§Jmdm `m ßdmambm?'' Ago AM§ã`mZo Vm|S>mbm nXa bmdV åhUV Vr {~Mmar Jßn ~gbr hmoVr.

`m 'amOdmS>çmÀ`m' bmJyZM AJXr nS>PS>rbm Ambobr EH$ dog hmoVr. ~hþYm `m doern{bH$S>oM OwÝ`m H$mimV Jmd Am{U VoWo C?d{U©`m§Mr dñVr Agmdr. `m JmdmV Vã~b Mmirg df} am{hbobo Am{U `oWoM Xoh R>odbobo \$mXa Om{H$`a~m~m Amnë`m KmoS>mJmS>rV ~gyZ dm KmoS>çmda ñdma hmoD$Z Zoho_rMr `o-Om H$aV AgUma. `wamo{n`Z Agë`mZo qhXw g_mOmVrb Ccca?d{U©`m§à_mUoM Ë`m§Zmhr doerImbyZ KmoS>çmda ~gyZ `oÊ`mOmÊ`mMm _mZ Ë`m§Zm hmoVm. doerÀ`m AmVë`m ~mOybm amOdmS>çmbmbmJyZM Voìhmhr _O~yV pñWVrV Agbobr EH$ MmdS>r hmoVr. amOdmS>çmVM hr MmdS>r Agë`mZo amOdmS>çmV amhUmè`m bmoH$m§MrM Vr hmoVr. amOdmS>çmVrb AZoH$ nwê$f_§S>ir VoWo ~gV Agë`mMo Am{U _rhr VoWo Joë`mMo _bm ñnï> AmR>dVo.

_hmamï´>mV OwÝ`m H$mimV àË`oH$ JmdmV ñn¥í`m§gmR>r Am{U Añn¥í`m§gmR>r Aem XmoZ ñdV§Ì MmdS>çm AgV. gdUm©À`m MmdS>rbm JmdMmdS>r Am{U Añn¥í`m§À`m MmdS>rbm _hma MmdS>r åhUV AgV. Jmd MmdS>rV ~gyZ ñn¥í` _§S>ir, nmQ>rb, VbmR>r Am{U JmdH$sMo H$m_ H$aUmao _hma am_moer ~gyZ JmdMm gm_m{OH$ Am{U emgH$s` H$ma^ma nmhV AgV Va _hma MmdS>rV ~gyZ _hma _§S>ir Amnë`m OmVrMm H$ma^ma nmhV AgV. Aem `m XmoZ MmdS>çm§{edm` Jmdm§V BVa g_mOmÀ`m, OmVrÀ`m ñdV§Ì MmdS>çm ZgV Ago S>m°. e§H$aamd IamVm§Zr {b{hbo Amho.2 A{bµH$S>À`m H$mimV Jmd MmdS>rMo ê$nm§Va g_mO_§{XamV Pmbo Am{U H$mhr {R>H$mUr ~m¡ÜX Y_© ñdrH$maboë`m bmoH$m§Zr _hma MmdS>rMo ~wÜX_§Xra qH$dm ~wÜX{dhma Ago Zm_H$aU Ho$ë`mMo {XgVo. _hma g_mO ~hþg§»`oZo {¼ñVr Y_m©V Joboë`m Jmdm§V AWm©VM `m _hma MmdS>çm§Mr H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV Añn¥í`VoÀ`m Mmbr[aVrà_mUoM nS>PS> Pmbr.

lram_nwa ehamV {edm{edrMm àË`j AZw^d KoVë`mMo _bm AmR>dV Zmhr. Á`m Kam§V gmodù`mAmodù`mMr àWm Ago Ë`mVyZ Ë`m KamVrb BVa ì`º$s¨Mrhr gwQ>H$m Zgm`Mr, Ë`m_wio `m àH$mam~m~V Hw$Ur \$mago _Zmbm bmdyZ KoV ZgV. Xa {Xdmirbm Am_À`m Kar eoOmaÀ`m _mir_amR>m Hw$Qw>§~m§Mr \$amimMr VmQ>o `oV, B©Xbm _wgb_mZ eoOmè`m§Mm era-Hw$a_m `oB© Am{U ZmVmimbm Am_À`mH$Sy>Z \$amimMr VmQ>o Ë`m gJù`m§H$S>o OmV. Am_À`m KamVyZ AmirVrb BVa H$mhr Kam§V AmR>dS>çmVyZ XmoZ-{VZXmVar H$mbdUm§Mr, ^mOr§Mr XodmUKodmU hmoV Ago. a{ddmar Am_À`mH$S>o h_Img demQ>mMo OodU Agë`mZo Ë`m{Xder `m XodmUKodmUrda ñW{JVr Agm`Mr. Ë`m_wio Amnë`m hmVM§ H$mhr bmoH$m§Zm MmbV Zmhr Am{U Vo H$m MmbV Zmhr ho _bm Iyn H$mi H$imboM Zmhr. `m àíZm§Mr CÎmao emoYÊ`mMr {ZH$S>hr Ë`mdoir ^mgbr Zmhr.

_mÂ`m _m_m§~amo~a KmoJaJmdmVrb dm Z{OH$À`m IoS>çm§Vrb H$mhr _mUgo lram_nwamV H$m_m{Z{_Îm Amë`mg Am_À`mhr Kar `oV AgV. Ë`m§À`mgmR>r nmÊ`mMm Vm§ã`m AmUbm {H$ Ë`m§À`mVrb H$mhr OU nmUr {nV ZgV. Ë`mZ§Va Ambobm Mhm KoÊ`mMohr Q>miV AgV. _mPo dS>rbnU bJoM Ë`m§Zm 'g_OyZ' KoD$Z MhmnmÊ`mMm AmJ«h H$aV ZgV. ''~mhoê$Z nadmg H$ê$Z Amboë`m nmìhÝ`mZo nmÝ`mbm, Àhmbm Zmhr åhÝb§ Va CJmM AmJah H$am`Mm ZñVmo. AmnwZ C_OyZ ¿`md§ {H$ hr _mÝg§ _amR>§ AgVrb. Ë`mÝZm Amßë`m hmVM§ MmbV ZñV§,"" Aer ~mB©Mr _J AmVë`m ImobrVbr EH$ g„mdOm {Q>nÊUr Agm`Mr.

AmOmoiÀ`m Ë`m dmñVì`mV _bm n{hë`m§XmM X{bV g_mOmVyZ {¼ñVr Pmboë`m g_mOmÀ`m A§Va§JmMr Am{U gm_m{OH$ nmíd©^y_rMr nwgQ>er OmUrd Pmbr. AmOmoiMr Vr daÀ`m OmVtVrb _mUgo KamV Ambr {H$ Ë`m§Mr dmJUyH$ Amåhm Y_m©§V[aV {¼ñVr g_mOmbm Am_Mr Iar AmoiI Am{U g_mOmVrb Am_Mr OmJm XmIdyZ XoV Ago. Xa a{ddmar XodimV AmnU b°Q>rZ ^mfoV {_ñgm Am{U àmW©Zm H$aV Agbmo Var AmnU H$mhr `wamo{n`Z Zmhr Am{U AmnU g_OVmo {VVH$m Amnbm {¼ñVr g_mO 'nwT>o Jobobm' Zmhr `mMr OmUrdhr Voìhm _bm n{hë`m§Xm Pmbr.

g§X^©:

1) \$mXa \«$mpÝgg _m°Oo (E_EgE\$Eg), eo\$S>©g \$m°a ¼mB©ñQ>- A ñQ>moar Am°\$ X H°$Wmo{bH$ MM© BZ g|Q´>b B§{S>`m- (1907-1960); Am`Am`Eg npãbHo$eÝg, B§{S>`Z BpñQ>Q>çwQ> Am°\$ pñn[aÀ`wA[a{bQ>r, 80, âbrQ> ñQ´>rQ>, amOmOrZJa, ~|Jbmoa, 560 010 (1990) (nmZ 75); Am{U ^m. A. nbKS>_b, 'g§J_Zoa Y_©J«m_mbm 75 df} nyU© hmoVmV', ' {Zamoß`m' _m{gH$ , Am°JñQ> 1967, (nmZ 114)

2) S>m°. e§H$aamd IamV, '_hmamï´>mVrb _hmam§Mm B{Vhmg - OmVrMr CËnÎmr d {dH$mgmMm B{Vhmg,' `ed§Vamd MìhmU g_mOemó g§emoYZ H|$Ð Am{U ^maVr {dÚmnrR> nwUo, B§Ðm`Ur gm{hË`, 273, e{Zdma noR>, nwUo 411 030 (2003); (nmZ 57 Am{U 58)

(nyd©à{gÜXr-'gwJmdm' _m{gH$, OyZ 2007) 

Untouchability, casteism in Maharashtra

4) JmdHw$gmVrb, JmdHw$gm~mhoaMo OJ

{h§XwñWmZmV {~«{Q>em§Mm A§_b gwê$ Pmbm Voìhm `m XoemVrb ~hþVoH$ àm§Vm§Vrb g_mO ñn¥í`, Añn¥í` Am{U doJdoJù`m OmVr-O_mVtV {d^mJbm hmoVm. {~«{Q>em§À`m amOdQ>rV nmíMmË` {dMmam§Mo XoemV dmao dmhÿ bmJbo VgVgo nwamoJm_r nwT>mè`m§Zr Añn¥í`Vm {Z_y©bZmgmR>r bT>m gwê$ Ho$bm. _mÌ Xoembm ñdmV§Í` {_imë`mZ§Va Am{U H$m`ÚmZo Añn¥í`VmnmbZmda ~§Xr `oD$Zhr hr àWm {H$Ë`oH$ df} MmbyM am{hbr hmoVr. \$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Zr {h§XwñWmZmV Amë`mZ§Va Añn¥í` g_mOmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ Am{U AmÜ`mpË_H$ CÞÎmrgmR>r H$m`© Ho$bo. `m _hma g_mOmMr Ë`mdoiMr gm_m{OH$ pñWVrMr, `m OmVrÀ`m bmoH$m§Zm Ë`mH$mimV ^moJmì`m bmJUmè`m `mVZm§Mr _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r VËH$mbrZ J«m_rU g_mOOrdZmMr AmoiI AgUo OéarMo Amho.

_hmamï´>mVrb IoS>oJmdm§V Ë`m nyU© JmdmVrb bmoH$dñVr EH$mM {R>H$mUr AmT>iV Zmhr. H$mhr OU Amnë`m eoVm§da amhmV AgVmV, H$mhr {R>H$mUr Xhm-~mam Kao EH$Ì AmT>iVmV Am{U Ë`m dñVrbm dmS>r åhQ>bo OmVo. JmdMr _w»` dñVr åhUOo JmdR>mU. H$moH$UMm AndmX gmoS>bm Va JmdR>mU Am{U dmS>çm AemàH$maMr dñVr ~hþVoH$ {R>H$mUr gmnS>Vo. `m JmdR>mUm^modVr Mmoam-XamoS>oImoam§nmgyZ g§ajUmgmR>r VQ>~§Xr Ho$br Agm`Mr, `m VQ>~§Xrbm JmdHw$gy åhQ>bo Om`Mo. JmdR>mUmV åhUOo `m JmdHw$gmÀ`m AmV g_mOmÀ`m Cƒ dUm©À`m åhUOo ñn¥í` OmVrÀ`m bmoH$m§Mr Kao Agm`Mr. JmdHw$gmÀ`m ~mhoa ImbÀ`m OmVrÀ`m åhUOoM Añn¥í` OmVr§À`m bmoH$m§Mr dñVr Agm`Mr. `m Añn¥í` g_mOmV _hma, _m§J Am{U Mm§^ma `m OmVtMm g_mdoe Agm`Mm.

_hmamï´>mÀ`m OdiOdi gd©M ^mJm§V Añn¥í` g_mOmV _hma OmVrÀ`m bmoH$m§Mr g§»`m gdm©{YH$ AmT>iVo. `m amÁ`mÀ`m gd©M Jmdm§V _hmam§Mr dñVr AgVoM. `m~m~V _mZdd§eemók BamdVr H$d} `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho {H$, ""BVa H$moUVrhr OmV KoVbr Var gmd©{ÌH$ dmñVì`m~m~V _hmam§Mr ga Xwgè`m H$moUË`mhr OmVrbm Zmhr. _hma ~hþg§»` H$moR>ohr ZmhrV. nU _hmam§Mr dgVr _wir ZmhrM Aer Jmdo _bm AOyZ AmT>ibr ZmhrV.""<sup>1</sup> _hma bmoH$m§À`m gmd©{ÌH$ dmñVì`m_wioM `m àXoembm _hmam§Mo amï´>, _hmamï´> Ago Zmd {_imbo Ago H$mhr g§emoYH$m§Mo åhUUo Amho. '_hma Am{U _hmamï´>' `m Amnë`m boImMm eodQ> BamdVr H$d} `m§Zr 'OoWn`ªV _hma nmoMbo {VWndªV _hmamï´>' Aem AdVaUmV Ho$bm Amho.

JmdHw$gmÀ`m AmVrb daÀ`m OmVr§À`m Am{U JmdHw$gm~mhoaÀ`m ~{hîH¥$V, ImbÀ`m OmVr§À`m g_mOOrdZmMo Xe©Z KS>dUmar H$mhr nwñVHo$ {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwédmVrg Am{U Ë`mZ§Va à{gÜX Pmbr hmoVr. {~«{Q>e Am_XmZrÀ`m H$mimV ñn¥í`m§Mo Am{U Añn¥í`m§Mo nañnag§~§Y, ~bwVoXmar Am{U JmdHw$gm~mhoa OJUmè`m bmoH$m§Mr VËH$mbrZ OrdZe¡br `m~Ôb {dídmgmh© _mZVm `oB©b Aer _m{hVr hr nwñVHo$ nwadVmV. Ë`mH$mimVrb g_mOOrdZmMm Aä`mg H$aUmè`m g§emoYH$m§À`m Ñï>rZo hr nwñVHo$ AË`§V _m¡ë`dmZ AmhoV. {̧~H$ Zmam`U AmÌo `m§Zr {b{hbobo 'JmdJmS>m' Am{U 1915 gmbr à{gÜX Pmbobo ho Ë`mn¡H$s EH$ AË`§V _hÎdmMo nwñVH$ Amho.<sup>2</sup> {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwê$dmVrVrb Aìdb B§J«Or Am_XmZrÀ`m H$mimVrb npíM_ _hmamï´>mVrb J«m_rU OrdZmMr ho nwñVH$ AmoiI H$ê$Z XoVo. aoìh. AboŠPm§S>a am°~Q>©gZ `m§Mo 1938 gmbr à{gÜX Pmbobo 'Xr _hma \$moëH$ - A ñQ>S>r Am°\$ AZQ>Mo~ëg BZ _hmamï´>' `m nwñVH$mVyZ Ah_XZJa, am`JS> (Hw$bm~m ho AmYrMo Zmd) {Oëho Am{U ZmJnya `m n[agamVrb _hmam§Mo JmdJmS>çmVrb ñWmZ Am{U Ë`m§Mr OrdZe¡br `m{df`r _m{hVr {_iVo.<sup>3</sup> (`m nwñVH$mMr _amR>r Amd¥Îmrhr AmVm CnbãY Amho. ⁴ ) Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimVrb åhUOo 1950À`m Xaå`mZ _hmamï´>mVrb Jm_rU g_mOOrdZmMr _m{hVr H$ê$Z XoUmao {d. _. Xm§S>oH$a Am{U _. ^m OJVmn `m§Zr {b{hbobo '_hmamï´>mMr J«m_rU g_mOaMZm' ho AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmMo nwñVH$ Amho. nwÊ`mÀ`m JmoIbo AW©emó g§emoYZ g§ñWoZo _hmamï´>mV 1951-52 gmbr gd}jU Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë`m gd}jUmVyZ hmVr Ambobr _m{hVr `m nwñVH$mV g§H${bV Ho$br Amho.<sup>5</sup> ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimVhr Añn¥í`m§Zm Hw$R>ë`m hmbAnoï>m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJV hmoVo `mMo {MÌU 1970 Z§Va à{gÜX Pmboë`m AZoH$ X{bV boIH$m§À`m AmË_H$WZm§VyZ ñnï> Pmbo Amho.

JmdHw$gm~mhoaÀ`m _hmam§À`m dñVrbm _hmadmS>m Am{U _m§Jm§À`m dñVrbm _m§JdmS>m åhUV AgV. _moJbmB©Vrb d¡Omnya Am{U J§Jmnya VmbwŠ`mVrb _hmadmS>çmbm 'amOdmS>m' AgoM g§~moYbo OmVo. `oWrb AZoH$ Jmdm§Vrb _hma bmoH$ e§^a dfmªnyduM {¼ñVr Pmbo Agbo Var EH${dgmì`m eVH$mV AmOhr Ë`m§Mr dñVr amOdmS>m qH$dm _hmadmS>m åhUyZM AmoiIbr OmVo. Y_mªVam_wio Ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ pñWVrV \$magm ~Xb Pmbm Zmhr `mMoM ho EH$ ÚmoVH$ Amho.

ImZXoe, _amR>dmS>m dJ¡ao n[agam§V JmdHw$gmMo ~m§YH$m_ XJS>mMo qH$dm ^|S>mMo åhUOo nm§T>è`m _mVrÀ`m H$ÀÀ`m {dQ>m§Mo Agm`Mo. JmdHw$gmÀ`m ~mhoa nS>Ê`mÀ`m dmQ>oda XadmOm Agm`Mm. nyduÀ`m H$mir doerMo ho XadmOo gy`m©ñVmnmgyZ gy`m}X`mn`ªV ~§X Ho$bo OmV AgV Am{U àË`oH$ doerda amIUrgmR>r dogH$a åhUyZ EH$ _hma ~gV Ago. Á`m Jmdmbm ZXrAmoT>çmgma»`m dmhË`m àdmhmMo nmUr {nÊ`mgmR>r dmnabo OmB© Aem {R>H$mUr Añn¥í`m§Mr dñVr nmÊ`mÀ`m àdmhmÀ`m ImbÀ`m ~mOyZo Ago. AemàH$mao daÀ`m OmVrMo bmoH$ ZXrMo nmUr àdmhmÀ`m daÀ`m ~mOyg ^aV Am{U ImbÀ`m OmVrMo, Añn¥í` bmoH$ àdmhmÀ`m ImbÀ`m ~mOyg nmUr ^aV. Ë`m_wio Añn¥í`m§À`m ñnem©Zo {dQ>mi Pmbobo nmUr dmnaÊ`mMm YmoH$m {Z_m©U hmoV Zgo.

ZXrda qH$dm AmoT>çm§da gm_m{OH$ CVa§S>rZwgma doJdoJù`m {R>H$mUr {d{eï> OmVtMo nmUdQ>o AgV. àdmhmÀ`m daÀ`m ~mOybm gd©àW_ g_mOmÀ`m gdm©V loð> Aem ~«m÷U OmVrMo nmUdR>o Agm`Mo, Ë`mZ§Va ImbÀ`m OmVtMo åhUOo _amR>m, _mir dJ¡ao ñn¥í` OmVtMo nmUdR>o Agm`Mo. ñn¥í`m§À`m nmUdR>çmImbr Añn¥í`m§Mo nmUdR>o gwê$ hmoV. Ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ ñVam§Zwgma åhUOo AmYr am_moer d Mm§^ma, Ë`mZ§Va T>moa, Ë`mÀ`mImbr _hma, _hmam§À`m Imbr _m§Jm§Mo nmUdR>o AgV. gdmªÀ`m eodQ>r Imbr ^§Jr OmVrMm nmUdR>m Ago.

_mÌ {dQ>mi Pmbobo Ë`m ZXrAmoT>çm§Mo nmUr Ë`mZ§Vahr dmhmVM amhm`Mo Am{U Xwgè`m Jmdm§V VoM nmUr Cƒ dUmªMo bmoH$ n{hë`m§Xm dmnaV AgV. dmhË`m nmÊ`mbm {dQ>mi ZgVmo Aer EH$ åhU _amR>rV Amho, Vr ~hþYm `m H$maUm_wioM Aem _`m©{XV AWm©Zo ê$T> Pmbr Agmdr.

H$mhr Jmdm§V gmd©O{ZH$ AmS> qH$dm {d{harVrb nmUr dmnabo OmB©. _mÌ _hma, _m§J, Mm§^ma, T>moa, am_moer Am{U H¡$H$mS>rgma»`m ImbÀ`m OmVrÀ`m bmoH$m§Zm `m VWmH${WV gmd©O{ZH$ {d{harda nmUr ^aÊ`mMr nadmZJr ZìhVr. Ë`m§À`mgmR>r doJio {dhra qH$dm AmS> Agm`Mo. _mÌ _hmam§À`m {d{harda _m§Jm§Zm nmUr ^aVm `oV Zgo. _mÂ`m AmOmoimV åhUOo KmoJaJmdmV 'amOdmS>çmV' åhUOo _hmadmS>çmV ñdV§Ì {dhra hmoVr, ho _bm ñnï> AmR>dVo. amOdmS>çmVrb `m {d{harbm JmdmVrb ñn¥í`m§À`m {d{harnojm df©^a A{YH$ _w~bH$ nmUr Agm`Mo Ago _mPr AmB© AOyZ gm§JV AgVo.

Á`m Añn¥í` OmVtZm ñdV:Mr {dhra Zgo Ë`m bmoH$m§Zm _J BVam§À`m _ohoa~mZrda Adb§~yZ amhmdo bmJo. gmd©O{ZH$ {d{harda ~amM doi C^o amhÿZ H$moUrVar Ë`m§Zm nmUr dmTy>Z XoB©b `mMr Ë`m§Zm dmQ> nmhmdr bmJo. nmUr ß`m`Mo Agbo Var Ë`m§Zr Imbr dmHy$Z hmVmMr Am|Oi Ho$ë`mZ§Va ñn¥í` bmoH$ bm§~yZ dê$Z nmUr AmoVV AgV.

Añn¥í`m§Zm gmd©O{ZH$ nmUdQ>o Iwbo H$aÊ`mV `mdo `m _mJUrgmR>r S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr H$moH$UmVrb _hmS> `oWo 1927 gmbr bT>m Ho$bm. VoWrb MdXma Vù`mMo nmUr Añn¥í`m§Zr MmIbo. _mÌ Var gmd©O{ZH$ nmUdQ>o Añn¥í`m§Zm Iwbo hmoÊ`mgmR>r AmUIr {H$VrVar XeH$m§Mm H$mbmdYr Omdm bmJbm. 'Añn¥í` O_mVr gmd©O{ZH$ {d{harda nmUr ^ê$ bmJë`mMo EH$hr CXmhaU Amåhr nmhUr Ho$boë`m 72 Jmdm§V {_imbo Zmhr' Ago {d. _. Xm§S>oH$a Am{U _. ^m. OJVmn `m§Zr 1957 gmbr à{gÜX Pmboë`m Amnë`m nwñVH$mV {b{hbo Amho.<sup>6</sup> g_mOgodH$ S>m°. ~m~m AmT>md `m§Zr Añn¥í`Vm àWoMo {Z_y©bZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r 1970À`m XeH$mV 'EH$ Jmd, EH$ nmUdR>m' `moOZm am~dÊ`mgmR>r _hmamï´>mV Midi am~dbr hmoVr. 'EH$ Jmd, EH$ nmUdR>m' `mM erf©H$mÀ`m nwñVH$mV S>m° AmT>mdm§Zr OmVrg§~§YmVrb Amnbo AZw^d gm§{JVbo AmhoV.⁷

'Cno{jV {¼ñVr g_mO' `m nwñVH$mVrb nwT>rb dU©Z JmdHw$gm~mhoaÀ`m {¼ñVr g_mOmÀ`m pñWVrda àH$me Q>mH$Vo, ''"Jmd VoWo _hmadmS>m' hr ê$T> Pmbobr AW©nyU© åhU {¼ñVrOZmZm V§VmoV§V bmJy nS>Vo. _mJmgdJu`m§VyZ {¼ñVr Pmboë`m§Zm _hma-_m§JdmS>çmVyZ amhmdo bmJVo. Ë`m§Mo ImUo-{nUo, amhUr_mZ, ^mfm d g§ñH¥$Vr Ë`m§À`m Añn¥í` ~§Yy§gmaIrM Amho. JmdmVrb gd© bmoH$ _mJmgdJu` {¼ñVr _mUgmbm åmhmaS>m', _m§JS>m' åhUyZM g§~moYVmV. AZoH$ {¼ñVr _hma ho Amnmnë`m JmdmVrb CƒdUu` Hw$Qw>§~m§Mo AmlrV hmoVo d AmhoVhr. JmdmVrb AË`§V hrZ XOm©Mr H$m_o Ë`m§Zm H$amdr bmJV. AJXr _mJrb XeH$mn`ªV _oboë`m T>moam§Mr {dëhohmQ> bmdUo B. H$m_o _mJmgdJu` {¼ñVr H$arV Ambo AmhoV. XmamoXmar qhSy>Z, Ë`m§À`mnwT>o \o$Hy$Z {Xbobo AÞ ImUmè`m Añn¥í` bmoH$m§_Ü`o {¼ñVrOZm§Mmhr g_mdoe AmhoM. Ë`m§Zmhr JmdmVyZ OmVm§Zm nmXÌmUo hmVmV KoD$Z d nmR>rda ~moahmQ>çm ~m§YyZ Mmbmdo bmJo d Ww§H$Ê`mgmR>r Odi JmS>Jo ~miJmdo bmJo.''⁸

h„r J«m_rU ^mJm§V gJirH$S>oM JmdR>mU, JmdHw$gy Am{U dog `m Jmoï>r B{VhmgO_m Pmë`m AmhoV. _mÌ `m OwÝ`m ~m§YH$m_m§Mr nS>PS> Pmbobr Agbr Var Ë`m§À`mer {ZJ{S>V g_mOaMZoV Am{U g_mOmÀ`m _mZ{gH$VoV \$magm ~Xb Pmbobm Zmhr. AÑí` ñdê$nmV `oWo AmOhr JmdHw$gmÀ`m AmV Am{U JmdHw$gm~mhoa OJUmao XmoZ doJdoJio OJ AmT>iVmV.

g§X^©:

1) BamdVr H$d}, 'n[any{V©', àH$meH$: Xoe_wI Am{U H§$nZr àm {b., 473, gXm{ed noR>, nwUo- 411 030, Xwgè`m Amd¥ÎmrMo Xhmdo nwZ_w©ÐU 1990, (nmZ 75)

2) qÌ~H$ Zmam`U AmÌo, 'Jmd-JmS>m' ; àH$meH$: h. A. ^mdo, daXm ~wŠg, 397/1, goZmnVr ~mnQ> _mJ©, nwUo 411 016 ({Vgar Amd¥Îmr, nwZ_w©ÐU 1995)

3) AboŠPm§S>a am°~Q>©gZ, 'Xr _hma \$moëH$ - A ñQ>S>r Am°\$ AZQ>Mo~ëg BZ _hmamï´>' Xr [a{b{OAg bmB©\$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m'; àH$meH$: dm` E_ gr E.npãbqeJ hmD$g, 5, agob ñQ´>rQ>, H$mobH$mVm, håào {_b\$moS>©, Am°Šg\$moS>© `w{Zìh{g©Q>r àog (1938); Xwgè`m Amd¥VrMo àH$meH$ S>m°. AemoH$ Jm`H$dmS>, H$m¡eë` àH$meZ, EZ-11, gr-3/24/3, hS>H$mo, Am¡a§Jm~mX, 431 003 (2005)

4) AboŠPm§S>a am°~Q>©gZ, '_hma bmoH$- _hmamï´>mVrb Añn¥í`m§Mm Aä`mg (^maVmMo Ym{_©H$ OrdZ)', AZwdmXH$: {^jw grd{b~moYr Am{U ñ_aU X{hdbo; àH$meH$: Xo. am. nJmao, gwJV àH$meZ, 780, d¡embrZJa, ZmJnya- 17, ({ÛVr`md¥Îmr 1991)

5) {d. _. Xm§S>oH$a Am{U _. ^m OJVmn, '_hmamï´>mMr J«m_rU g_mOaMZm', àH$meH$: Y. am. JmS>Jri, JmoIbo AW©emó g§emoYZ g§ñWm (àH$meZ nmMdo), nwUo- 411 004 (1957); (nmZ 10)

6) darbà_mUo, nmZ

7) S>m° ~m~m AmT>md, 'EH$ Jmd, EH$ nmUdR>m',

8) 'Cno{jV {¼ñVr g_mO', boIH$: àJV nXdrYa g§KQ>ZoV\}$ A§VmoZ _m. gmido, àVmn ~m. n§{S>V, gmoÝ`m~mny e§. dmK_mao Am{U Omogo\$ S>r AmT>md, àH$meH$: Á`w{bEg {S>gyOm (`oeyg§K), _mJ© àH$meZ, Wm°_g pñQ>\$Ýg {Zdmg, 2008 g§V pìhÝg|Q> _mJ©, nwUo 411 001, (1979) (nmZ 15 Am{U 16)