Johar, Jai Bhim, Jai Khrist (Marathi)

JmdHw$gm~mhoaMm {¼ñVr g_mO, H$m{_b nmaIo

gwJmdm àH$meZ, nwUo

 10) Omohma, O` ^r_ Am{U O` {¼ñV

ñWi nwÊ`mVrb `oadS>m `oWrb g|Q> S>m°Z ~m°ñH$mo ñHy$beoOmarb àeñV _¡XmZ. gZ 2005 À`m 26 OmZodmarg nwÊ`mVrb _amR>r {¼ñVr g_mOmMm n{hbmM _oimdm VoWo ^a{dÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. Ah_XZJa, Am¡a§Jm~mX {Oëøm§VyZ nwÊ`mV ñWm{`H$ Pmbobr _§S>ir _oimì`mgmR>r hiyhiy O_m hmoV hmoVr. `oUmè`m§n¡H$s AZoH$ OU `m _oimì`mMo _w»` g§`moOH$ Agbobo \$mXa A°§S´>`y jragmJa `m§Zm ^oQ>Ê`mgmR>r `oV hmoVo. ZD$dmar, ghmdmar Jmob gmS>çm Zogboë`m, Hw§$Hy$ bmdboë`m qH$dm Zgboë`m {d{dY d`moJQ>mÀ`m _{hbm VgoM eQ>©n±Q> KmVbobo, gmR>r Amobm§S>bobo qH$dm _Ü`_d`mMo nwê$f \$mXam§Zm XmoÝhr hmV OmoSy>Z qH$dm hmVmV hmV KoD$Z ' O` {¼ñV \$mXa ' åhUV hmoVo. \$mXahr Ë`m àË`oH$mbm hgV_wImZo 'O` {¼ñV' 'O` {¼ñV' åhUV àË`wÎma XoV hmoVo. Ë`mZ§Va VoWo Amboë`m \$mXa ZoëgZ _MmS>mo Am{U BVa \$mXa_§S>irhr _J nwT>rb AYm© Vmg `m A{^dmXZmÀ`m CnMmanÜXVrV gm_rb Pmbr. VoWo O_bobo BVa gd© àmn§{MH$ bmoH$ _mÌ EH$_oH$m§Zm 'Z_ñH$ma' åhUVM A{^dmXZ H$aV hmoVo. {VerÀ`m AmVrb Agbobr OdiOdi gd© Vê$U_§S>ir VoWo Amë`mAmë`m gd©M \$mXam§Zm ' Z_ñH$ma \$mXa', JyS> Eìh{Z§J' \$mXa' Ago åhUV 'J«rQ>' H$aV hmoVr. hr Vê$U _§S>ir åhUOo nwÊ`mVM OÝ_bobr, BWë`mM H$m°Ýìh|Q> emim§V {eH$bobr Zdr {nT>r.

'O` {¼ñV' hr A{^dmXZ nÜXV Ah_XZJa Am{U Am¡a§Jm~mX {Oëøm§Vrb _amR>r {¼ñVr g_mOmMr EH$ Img AmoiI åhUmdr bmJob. _hmamï´>mVrb dgB© ^mJmVrb _amR>r {¼ñVr g_mOmV qH$dm H$moëhmnya n[agamVrb KmQ>mdaÀ`m '~mX}ñH$a' {¼ñVr g_mOmV hr àWm AmT>iV Zmhr.

`oadS>çmÀ`m Ë`m _oimì`mV {^Þ d`moJQ>mÀ`m ì`º$s§À`m {^Þ A{^dmXZ nÜXVr `m g_mOm_Ü`o Joë`m gìdmeo dfmªÀ`m H$mimV Pmboë`m pñWË`§VamMoM EH$ à{VH$ hmoVo. Y_m©VamÀ`mAmYr BVam§Zm 'Omohma' åhUV A{^dmXZ H$aUmam hm g_mO Z§Va ñdV:Mo doJionU OnÊ`mgmR>r 'O` {¼ñV' H$S>o dibm.

{~«{Q>e A§_b gwê$ hmoÊ`mAmYr _hma g_mOmV A{^dmXZ H$aVmZm 'Omohma Ago åhUÊ`mMr nÜXV hmoVr. S>m° e§H$aamd IamVm§Zr åhQ>bo Amho {H$ g_mOmVrb BVa bmoH$m§à_mUo _hmamZo 'am_ am_' Ago H$Yr åhQ>bo Zmhr, Vmo 'Z_ñH$ma' Agohr H$Yr åhUV Zgo. Vmo \$º$ 'Omohma' Ago Vm|S>mZo åhUV hmoVm. Amnë`m _hma ~m§YdmZm Am{U JmdmVrb BVa gd©M bmoH$m§Zm Vmo'Omohma'M åhUV hmoVm. AWm©V Omohma åhUVmZm VmR> _mZoZo gaXmar nÜXVrZo EoQ>rV Vbdma C§MmdVmV Vgo hmV C§MmdyZ Vmo Z_ñH$ma H$aV hmoVm.

IamVm§À`m _Vo 'Omohma' C?maÊ`m_mJo _hmam§Mr em¡`©ËdmMr A{^_mZmñnX na§nam Amho, `m eãXmer _hmam§Mr {hZVm Z§VaÀ`m H$mimM OmoS>br Jobr. àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ _hmam§Zr Amnbo ñdV§Ì ApñVËd {Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>r, Amnë`m amÁ`H$Ë`m©§Mm _mZgÝ_mZmMo ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r {nT>çmZ{nT>çm 'Omohma' ( A{¾{Xì`) Ho$bo. Ë`m em¡`m©Mm Jm¡ad H$aÊ`mgmR>r Z_ñH$ma H$aVmZm Vo 'Omohma' åhUy bmJbo. _hmam§Zm nwT>o Añn¥í` R>a{dbo Joë`mZ§Va 'Omohma' eãXmMm em¡`©Ëdmer g§~§Y g§nbm Am{U Vo Ë`m§À`m Añn¥í`VoMo ÚmoVH$ ~Zbo. Omohma H$aVmZm _hma 'Omohma _m`~mn' Ago H$YrM åhUV ZìhVm. Omohma H$aVmZm `m eãXm~amo~aM _hmam§Zr BVa JmdH$è`m§Zm '_m`~mn' Agohr åhUÊ`mMm [admO nmS>Ê`mMm S>md Hw$gdmÀ`m AmVë`m JmdH$è`m§Mm hmoVm, _hmam§Zr Vmo H$YrM Ow_mZbm Zmhr Ago S>m°. IamV `m§Zr nwT>o åhQ>bo Amho.1

Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV 'Omohma' hm eãX Añn¥í`VoMo à{VH$ ~Zë`mZo S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§nmgyZ gwê$ Pmboë`m MidirZo 'Omohma' åhUyZ A{^dmXZ H$aUo ~§X H$aUo Am{U ~m~mgmho~m§À`mM ZmdmZo åhUOo 'µO` ^r_' åhUV A{^dmXZ H$aÊ`mMr àWm gwê$ Ho$br

_amR>r {¼ñVr g_mOmV O` {¼ñV hr A{^dmXZmMr àWm ê$T> H$aÊ`mMo lo` AmYw{ZH$ _amR>r n§MH$qd_Yrb EH$ Agboë`m aoìh. Zmam`U dm_Z {Q>iH$ `m§À`mH$S>o OmVo. {Q>iH$m§À`m _¥Ë`wZ§Va n§Mdrg dfm©§Z§Va H°$Wmo{bH$ g_mOmZo `m A{^dmXZnÜXVrMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm, Vmon`ªV åhUOo gZ 1940À`m XeH$mn`ªV H°$Wmo{bH$ bmoH$ nmíMmË` diUmda '`oey {¼ñVmbm Jm¡ad Agmo' Ago b§ã`mMdS>rMo A{^dmXZ H$aV AgV.

' {Zamoß`m' _m{gH$mÀ`m 1940À`m Am°ŠQ>mo~a A§H$mV {¼ñVr A{^dmXZ nÜXVrda EH$ MmanmZr boI N>mnyZ Ambm hmoVm, Ë`mdê$Z {¼ñVr g_mOmV 'O` {¼ñV' åhUyZ A{^dmXZ H$aÊ`mMr àWm àW_ àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> n§{W`m§_Ü`o gwê$ Pmbr ho ñnï> hmoVo.' {Zamoß`m'À`m Ë`mdoiÀ`m àWoà_mUo `m boImÀ`m boIH$mMo Zmd XoÊ`mV Ambobo Zmhr. `m boImV åhQ>bo hmoVo {H$ '~«m÷U H$moUmg ^oQ>Vm§Zm hmV OmoSy>Z Z_ñH$ma H$aVmV. _amR>`mg dmQ>Vo {H$, _Zwî`mbm _mZ Úmdm nU Ë`m§VM XodmMm Ymdm H$amdm, åhUyZ Vo _mÏ`mg hmV bmdyZ am_am_ åhUVmV. _hma d Mm§^ma ho EH$m OwÝ`m Mmbrà_mUo Omohma, åhUOo `moÜXm, qH$dm ho dram, Ago åhUyZ A{^dmXZ H$aVmV. _wgb_mZ ho Xwgè`m _wgb_mZm§g gbm_ Ab`Hw$_ d BVa _mUgm§g gbm_ åhUVmV.''

''Ogo qhXy am_am_ åhUyZ am_mbm _mZ XoVmV, Vgo Amåhr `oeybm _mZ Úmdm, Ago qhXr {¼ñVr `m§Zm dmQ>Uo gmh{OH$ d `mo½` AgyZ Ë`m§Zr ZdrZ [aVr H$mT>ë`m AmhoV. H$moUr àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> {¼ñVr EH$_oH$m§g ^oQ>Vm§Zm 'O` {¼ñV' Ago åhUVmV, d Amnbo _hmamï´>r` H$mWmo{bH$ '`oey {¼ñVmbm Jm¡ad Agmo' Ago åhUVmV, d Ë`mMo CÎma 'gd©H$mi ! Am_oZ' Ago Amho . JwOamWr d qhXr ^mfm ~mobUmao H$mWmo{bH$ AgoM H$aVmV, _mÌ Jm¡adÀ`m EodOr ~T>mB©, d _{h_m, Ago åhUVmV'. Aem àH$maMo A{^dmXZ '\$maM OwZo AgyZ `wamonm§Vrb ~è`mM Xoem§V AmOnmdoVmo àMmam§V Amho' Agohr `m boImV åhQ>bo Amho.2 `mdê$Z Ë`mH$mimV _amR>r H°$Wmo{bH$ g_mOmVrb A{^dmXZmMo _yi B§J«OrVrb 'àoP {X bm°S>©', '\$m°a Eìha, Am_oZ' ho Agmdo Ago {XgVo.

Ë`mZ§Va {S>go§~a 1940À`m ' {Zamoß`m' `m H°$Wmo{bH$ n§{W`m§À`m _m{gH$mV EH$ nÌ {bhÿZ XodXÎm {Q>iH$m§Zr 'O` {¼ñV' `m A{^dmXZ nÜXVrMm OmoaXma nwañH$ma Ho$bm. bú_r~mB© Am{U aoìh {Q>iH$m§À`m `m {Ma§OrdmZo {b{hbobo ho nÌ _yimVyZ dmMÊ`mgmaI} AmhoV. ho nÌ nw{T>bà_mUo hmoVo:3

{¼ñVr bmoH$m§Mo A{^dmXZ

am. am. g§nmXH$ '{Zamoß`m' `m§g --

AmŠQ>mo~a _{hÝ`mÀ`m A§H$mV nmZ 92 da '`oey {¼ñVmbm Jm¡ad Agmo' hm boI dmMbm. Vmo dmMVm dmMVm Ama§^r AmnmoAmn Agm {dMma Ambm {H$ AmnU 'O` {¼ñV' H$m åhUy Z`o? A{^dmXZmMm àH$ma Oa Vw_À`m Am_À`mV (H°$Wmo{bH$ Am{U àmoQ>oñQ>§Q>) gmaIm Agbm Va H$moR>o {~KS>bo? CbQ> XmoÝhr g_mOm§V gbmo»`mbm EH$ bhmZgoM H$m hmoB©Zm ZdrZ H$maU àmá hmoB©b.

nwT>o dmMVm dmMVm AmnU 'O` {¼ñV' hm A{^dmXZmMm C„oI Ho$bobm Amho d Ë`m{déÜX H$mhr _V àX{e©V Ho$bo Zmhr ho nmhÿZ AmZ§X dmQ>bm d ho nÌ Amnë`mH$S>o à{gÜXrgmR>r nmR>{dÊ`mg Yra Ambm.

O` {¼ñV Ago åhUÊ`mMr XmoZ à_wI H$maUo AmhoV. EH$ Ago {H$ A{^dmXZmg bhmZ d gwQ>gwQ>rV eãX qH$dm eãXg_wM` bmJVmo. gbm_, am_am_, Omohma ho gd© EH$EH$Q>o eãX AmhoV. d Ë`m_wio XmoZ _mUgo ^oQ>VmM `m eãXm§Mm C?ma WmoS>Š`mV d MQ>H$Z Vr H$ê$Z Amnë`m _ZmVrb ^md àH$Q> H$aVmV. O` {¼ñV `m EodOr Ë`mM AWm©Mm EH$Q>m eãX AgVm qH$dm AW©^[aV Agm ~Z{dVm Ambm AgVm Va A{YH$ ~ao Pmbo AgVo. na§Vw øm Ñï>rZo EH$ eãX {_iUo AeŠ`M Agë`mZo Ë`m EodOr XmoZ eãX dmnamdo ho ~ao.

Xwgao Ago {H$ Amnbm à^y `oey hm em§VrMm amOm Agë`mZo Ë`mMm O`O`H$ma Ho$ë`mZo AmnU Ë`mÀ`m VÎdmMm A§{JH$ma Ho$ë`mgmaIo hmoVo. `mV AmUIr Ago hmoVo {H$ Ë`mMm O`O`H$ma Ho$ë`mZo AmnU ñdV:H$S>o {bZVm KoVmo (åhUOo Z_ñH$mamMr ^mdZm `oD$Z AmnU EH$_oH$m§nwT>o _mZ dmH${dÊ`mEodOr Ë`mÀ`m nwT>o _mZ dmH${dVmo). AmnU Amnë`m à^yMr AmR>dU H$aVmo (`mV am_am_ åhUVmZm Ho$di am_mMo Zmd Vm|S>mVyZ `mdo BVH$m dadaMm hoVy ZgyZ Ë`mnojm WmoS>m A{YH$ Imob AW© A{^àoV hmoVmo. åhUOo Amnë`mbm Ë`mMr AmR>dU hmoVo.) Am{U Omohmahr Oer `wÜXmMr Amamoir Amho VerM O` O` {hhr `wÜXmMr Amamoir Amho. _mÌ hr `wÜX {O§H$ë`mMr Amamoir Amho. Agm `m O` eãXmV {Vhoar qH$dm Mma àH$maMo AW© A{^àoV AgyZ Vo A{^dmXZ gwQ>gwQ>rV Amho.

àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> {¼ñVr bmoH$m§V O` {¼ñV åhUVmV Ago Oo AmnU åhUVm Vo AJXrM ~amo~a Amho Ago Zmhr. eoH$S>m 5 Q>¸o$ _mUgo gwÜXm O` {¼ñV åhUV ZmhrV ho _mÂ`m gmè`m _hmamï´>mVrb àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> {¼ñVr bmoH$m§À`m àË`j _m{hVrdê$Z _r åhUVmo. O` {¼ñV åhUmdo Aem àH$maMm R>amd EImÚm à_wI O~m~Xma ì`º$s d A{YH$ma Agboë`m {~engma»`m ì`º$sZo qH$dm {gZoS>Zo qH$dm H$m±{J«JoeZZo Ho$bobm Zmhr. hm àMma nmS>Ê`mMm à`ËZ _mÂ`m d{S>bm§Zr d Z§Va _r Ho$bm. na§Vw Ë`m§V Amåhmbm `e Ambo Zmhr EdT>oM `oWo Z_yX H$amdogo dmQ>Vo.

amo_Z H°$Wmo{bH$ d àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> {¼ñVr bmoH$m§Mr gaH$maZo amOH$s` ~m~Vr§V gm§JS> KmVbobrM Amho. BVahr H$mhr ~m~Vr§V Ë`m§À`mV gmaIonUm `m`bm nm{hOo d nmoemI, ^mfm Ë`mMà_mUo A{^dmXZmMm àH$ma `m§V Oa gmå` Pmbo Va Vr \$ma AmZ§XmMr Jmoï> hmoB©b.

AmnU Oa Amnë`m dmMH$m§Zm O` {¼ñV ho CMbÊ`mg gwMdmb Va _r _mÂ`m {¼ñVr ZmJarH$ nÌm§VyZ Ë`mMm àMma àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> bmoH$m§V H$arZ. hm àH$ma àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> bmoH$m§Mm Amho hm g_O MwH$sMm Amho ho _r da XmI{dboM Amho. à^w {¼ñVmda ^md R>odUmè`m gdm©§Mm hm àH$ma Amho.

hm ng§V Zgob Va AmnU Xwgam EH$ qH$dm XmoZ eãXm§Mm àH$ma gwMdm d Ë`mMm àMma _r H$arZ. _mÌ Ë`m àMmamZo _amR>r ^mfoMm IyZ nS>ob Ago hmoD$ Z XoÊ`mMr I~aXmar ¿`m`bm nm{hOo, åhUOo Vo Á`mbm {_eZar _amR>r åhUVmV Agbo Agy XoVm Cn`moJr Zmhr.

XodXÎm Zmam`U {Q>iH$

ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV _mÌ H°$Wmo{bH$ \$mXam§Zr Am{U g_mOmZo aoìh {Q>iH$m§Zr gwê$ Ho$boë`m 'O` {¼ñV' `m A{^dmXZmMmM ñdrH$ma Ho$bm. AJXr A{bH$S>À`m H$mimn`ªV nmoñQ>H$mS>m©Zo dm Am§VaXoer` H$mS>m©Zo Iwembr H$i{dÊ`mMr dm g§nH©$ R>odÊ`mMr arV hmoVr Voìhm _amR>r {¼ñVr bmoH$ Amnë`m nÌmMr gwê$dmV 'O` {IñV' Zo H$aV AgV. emim-H$m°boOmV AgVmZm Kar {b{hboë`m _mÂ`m nÌm§Mr gwê$dmVhr `m A{^dmXZmZoM hmoV Ago. {¼ñVr Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m

b¾n{ÌH$m N>mnm`bm Amë`m {H$ Ah_XZJa, Am¡a§Jm~mX Am{U Zm{eH$ n[agamVrb Hw$R>bmhr A{¼ñVr _wÐH$ AJXr Z {dMmaVm 'lr JUoe àgÞ' À`m OmJr 'lr {¼ñV àgÞ' Ago Q>mHy$Z _m`Ý`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr 'O` {¼ñV' {b{hVmo, BVH$s hr na§nam `oWrb g_mOmV ê$ibr Amho.

AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV _mÌ `m doJù`m A{^dmXZnÜXVrMr JaO Z ^mgë`mZo ~hþg§»` g_mOmà_mUo 'Z_ñH$ma' Am{U nmíMmË` nÜXVrZo B§J«OrV A{^dmXZ H$aUo Zì`m {nT>rZo gwê$ Ho$bo Amho.

g§X^©:

1) S>m°. e§H$aamd IamV, '_hmamï´>mVrb _hmam§Mm B{Vhmg - OmVrMr CËnÎmr d {dH$mgmMm B{Vhmg' (nmZo 64 Am{U 65)

2) '{Zamoß`m' _m{gH$, Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1940 (nmZ 92)

3) XodXÎm Zmam`U {Q>iH$ `m§Mo nÌ, '{Zamoß`m' _m{gH$, {S>g|~a 1940 (nmZ 132 Am{U 133)

Objection to the label 'Christian Mahar' (Marathi)

 JmdHw$gm~mhoaMm {¼ñVr g_mO,  H$m{_b nmaIo

gwJmdm àH$meZ, nwUo

8) ' {¼ñVr _hma ' eãXmbm Amjon

_hma Am{U _m§J `m Añn¥í` OmVtVyZ {¼ñVr Y_mªV àdoe Ho$boë`m bmoH$m§Zm `m Y_mªVam_wio EH$ Zdr AmoiI Am{U Apñ_Vm {_idyZ {Xbr. ho Y_mªVa åhUOo Añn¥í` àWo{déÜX, `m bmoH$m§da eVH$moZweVHo$ Ho$boë`m gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$ Am{U Am{W©H$ AÝ`m`m{déÜX Ho$bobm EH$ gm_wXm{`H$ {~Ðmoh, ~§S>M hmoVm. Y_mªVam_wio Ë`m§Zm EH$ AmË_gÝ_mZ àmá Pmbm. Ë`m_wio Amnë`mbm {¼ñVr _hma qH$dm {¼ñVr _m§J åhUyZ g§~moYUo Ë`m§Zm An_mZmñnX dmQy> bmJbo. `m _mZ{gH$Vobm H$mhr gm_m{OH$ g§X^© {ZpíMVM AmhoV. 'X _hma \$moH$' `m gZ 1938 gmbr AboŠPm§S>a am°~Q>©gZ `mZo {b{hboë`m nwñVH$mVhr darb _mZ{gH$VoMo dU©Z H$aÊ`mV Ambo.1 ''AZoH$ bmoH$XoIrb Ooìhm Vo _hma OmVrMo AmhoV Aer H$~wbr XoVmV Voìhm Ë`m§À`m AmdmOmV ñdm{^_mZmMm A^md d ea_oMr ~m~ AgVo. _hmam§VyZ {¼ñVr Pmbobo bmoH$ {¼ñVr Pmë`m~Ôb ñdm{^_mZ ~miJVmV d AmnU nyduMo _hma hmoVmo `m CJ_ñWmZmda Omoa XoV ZmhrV, Vgm C„oI H$aUo Q>miVmV.'' ho nwñVH$ {b{hë`mZ§Va nmD$Ueo dfmªMm H$mi CbQ>ë`mZ§Vahr `m n[apñWVrV \$magm ~Xb Pmbobm Zmhr.

eham§V dmñVã`mg Jobobo _amR>r {¼ñVr {_ñgogmR>r Xa a{ddmar qH$dm BVa Hw$R>ë`mM {Xder XodimV OmV Zmhr Aer VH«$ma H$aUmam boI \$mXa nm`g J¡gb `m§Zr '{Zamoß`m' À`m _mM© 1943À`m A§H$mV {b{hbm hmoVm. _mÌ Ë`m§À`m VH«$marÀ`m _yi {df`mnojm Ë`m§Zr ñWm{ZH$ {¼ñVr bmoH$m§Zm CÔoeyZ dmnabobm ' {¼ñVr _hma' hm eãXM ehadm{g`m§Zm Iyn Pm|~bm Ago {XgVo. \$mXa J¡gb Ë`mZ§Va AZoH$ df} Ah_XZJa {OëømVrb `oeyg§KmMo à_wI hmoVo, Ë`m ZmË`mZo Ë`m§Zr `m {OëømV _amR>r {¼ñVr bmoH$m§gmR>r VgoM ~hþg§»` g_mOmgmR>r emim, lram_nyaMo g§V byH$ hm°pñnQ>b gmaIo AZoH$ àH$ën \$mXa J¡gb `m§Zr Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV gwê$ Ho$bo. Ë`m_wio {¼ñVr g_mOm{df`r Ë`m§Zm Agboë`m AmñWo{df`r _wirM e§H$m KoVm `oV Zmhr. _mÌ JmdJmS>çmVyZ EH$Xm ~mhoa nS>ë`mZ§Va '{¼ñVr _hma ' `m eãXà`moJmVyZ nwÝhm Ë`mV AS>Hy$Z nS>Ê`mMr `m g_mOmVrb ZmJar qH$dm {e{jV bmoH$m§Mr Ë`mdoirhr BÀN>m ZìhVr ho `mdê$Z ñnï> {XgyZ `oVo.

`mg§X^m©V \$m. J¡gb `m§À`m n{hë`m boImVrb gwê$dmVrMm n[aÀN>oX nw{T>bà_mUo hmoVm:

"JwìhoH$a OmVmV, _Ðmgr bmoH$ OmVmV, nU "

AmnU {_eZar H$mhr H$m_mH$[aVm nwÊ`mbm, IS>H$sbm, ZJambm OmVmo Voìhm Am_À`m H$mZm§da nwT>rb eãX nS>ë`m{edm` amhV ZmhrV: 'JwìhoH$a Xodmb`m§V `oVmV, _Ðmgr bmoH$ Xodmb`m§V `oVmV nU {¼ñVr _hma a{ddmargwÜXm `oVmV Va enW. nwîH$i OU A{VJ[a~r_wio a{ddmargwÜXm nmoQ> ^amdo åhUyZ H$m_ H$aVmV `m{df`r VH«$ma Zmhr. na§Vw n. {_ñgm ~hþVoH$ gdmªZm EoH$Uo eŠ` Amho, \$º$ _hma H$m_ H$aUmao _mUgo AmhoV H$m?? JwìhoH$a d _Ðmgr bmoH$ {Zìdi [aH$m_Q>oH$S>o AmhoV H$m?

Va _J Amnbo {¼ñVr _hma a{ddmar n. {_ñgm EoH$Ê`mMr h`J` H$aVmV `mMo H$m` H$maU Agmdo?''?2

`mZ§Va nwT>À`mM _{hÝ`mV åhUOo E{àb 1943À`m A§H$mV \$mXa J¡gb `m§Mm nwT>rb boI à{gÜX Pmbm hmoVm.

'' _hmamï´>r` {¼ñVr OZhmo

JmodoH$a OmVmV, _Ðmgr OmVmV nU-

`m _Wù`mImbr '{Zamoß`m'À`m _mM© _{hÝ`mÀ`m A§H$mV Omo boI _r à{gÜX Ho$bm Amho, Vmo {H$Ë`oH$m§Zm Q>mo§MUma Amho, `mMr _bm nyU© OmUrd hmoVr. Vw_À`m amJmMm ~mU Xwgè`m H$moUmda Z gwQ>mdm åhUyZ _mPr ghr _r Ho$bobr Amho; Agmo. Vwåhmbm Amnë`m ñdV:da åhUOo Amnë`m ñdV:À`m Xodmb`m§V OmÊ`mÀ`m h`JB©da amJ `oB©b Aer _bm JmoS> Amem hmoVr. na§Vw Vr Amem \$mob R>abr Ago {XgVo. Vw_À`m amJmMm {df` _r dmnabobm eãX ' {¼ñVr _hma' hmM Amho. Vwåhmbm XwImdÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo hm eãX _r dmnabm Ago _bm AmoiIUmam H$moUrM åhUUma Zmhr hr _mPr ImÌr Amho. `m ~mOybm ~hþVoH$ gd© {¼ñVr A{^_mZmZo Amnë`mbm '_hma' åhUVmV. AWm©V _r IoS>oJmdMm AgyZ IoS>oJmdÀ`m ^mfoV ~mobbmo. Vwåhr ehamVbo AgyZ '_hma' `m eãXmMm ~{hîH$ma H$[aVm ho _bm H$moRy>Z R>mD$H$? åhUyZ _r H$m` H$ê$? Vwåhmbm H$go g§~moYmdo? 'JmodoH$a {¼ñVr'', ''_Ðmgr {¼ñVr'' Ago åhUVmV Va Vwåhmbm H$m` Zmd Úmdo? ''_hmamï´>r` {¼ñVr'' åhUmdo H$m`? Va g_Om {H$ ''_hmamï´> '' `m eãXmÀ`m ì`wËnÎmr~Ôb AWm©V AË`§V {dÛmZ bmoH$m§Zr nwT>o {Xë`mà_mUo MMm© Ho$br Amho. ''_hmamï´> åhUOo _hma + amï´> = _hmam§Mm Xoe Amho''. `m ì`wËnÎmrg Agm AmYma Amho {H$ , _hma OmVrMr dñVr _hmamï´>mV nwîH$iM Amho. Vwåhmbm VoUoH$ê$Z _hmamï´>r` {¼ñVr Oa g§~mo{Ybo Va H$moU OmUo Vw_Mm amJ COyZ (nwÝhm EH$Xm) _Oda ~gob. BH$S>o {dhra, {VH$S>o AmS> Aer _mPr pñWVr Pmbobr Amho. Ago AgVm AmnUmbm _r H$go g§~moYmdo åhUyZ H$idmb Va \$ma _oha~mZr hmoB©b.

Amnbm :- _hmamï´>r` Y_©Jwê$

nr. J¡gb

`m nÌmbm OmoSy>ZM '{Zamoß`m'À`m `wamo{n`Z {_eZar Agboë`m g§nmXH$m§Zr dmMH$m§À`m '_hma' `m eãXmÀ`m Amjonm~Ôb Imbrb {Q>nÊUr à{gÜX Ho$br hmoVr.3

"Vwåhmbm _hmam§Mm g§~§Y ZH$mo åhUyZ AmZ§X dmQ>Vmo. Va Vwåhr nwT>o ({¼ñVr Z Pmboë`m) _hmam§~amo~a b¾ gwÜXm H$aUma Zmhr Aer Amem YaVm `oB©b H$m?? Vwåhr _hmaH$s gmoSy>Z XoÊ`mg V`ma Amhm H$m`? '_amR>r {¼ñVr ' ho Zmd _mÝ` Amho H$m`?

(g§nmXH$)

_hma `m eãXmbm ehadm{g`m§Zr 1940À`m XeH$mV Amjon KoVbm. ñdmV§Í`moËVa H$mimV J«m_rU ^mJmVrb AZoH$ _amR>r bmoH$m§Zr eham§H$S>o dmQ>Mmb Ho$br. _mÌ ehar `m bmoH$m§Mm `m eãXm{df`rMm Vrd« Amjon H$m`_ am{hbm. gZ 1995 gmbr X{bV {¼ñVr _amR>r gm{hË` g§_obZmMo AÜ`j XodXÎm hþgio `m§À`m nwT>rb dmŠ`mVyZ hoM ñnï> hmoVo. ''IoS>çmV gdU© g_mO {¼íMZm§Zm AmS>nS>ÚmZo _hma, _m§J, ^§JrM g§~mo{YVmo, ho _w§~B©-nwÊ`mVë`m§Zm Jmdr Z `oVm H$go H$iUma? gË` n[apñWVrMr AZw^yVr ¿`m d _J ñdV:bm gdU© åhUm !'' Ago hþgio `m§Zr Amnë`m ^mfUmV åhQ>bo Amho.4

g§X^©"

1) AboŠPm§S>a am°~Q>©gZ, '_hma bmoH$ - _hmamï´>mVrb Añn¥í`m§Mm Aä`mg'. _amR>r ^mfm§Va {^wjw grd{b~moYr, ñ_aU X{hdbo, (Xwgar Amd¥Îmr 1991) (nmZ 9)

2)' {Zamoß`m' _m{gH$, _mM© 1943, (nmZ 152)

3)'{Zamoß`m' _m{gH$, E{àb 1943 (nmZ 173)

4) gwZrb í`m_gw§Xa AmT>md (g§nmXH$ d g_rjH$), 'Y_© {¼ñVmMm, {dMma gm{hË`mMm - eVH$mVrb {¼ñVr gm{hË` g§_obZmÜ`jr` ^mfUo Am{U Ë`mdarb g_rjm', (nmZ 346)

Christian missionaries in Maharashtra (Marathi)

 JmdHw$gm~mhoaMm {¼ñVr g_mO,  H$m{_b nmaIo

gwJmdm àH$meZ, nwUo

7) naXoer {¼ñVr {_eZar

Ah_XZJa, OmbZm Am{U Am¡a§Jm~mX {Oëøm§Vrb {¼ñVr Hw$Qw>§~m§V {Ia_m`a, ~oëga, ñQw>_©, ~|P, Poån, hmëXZa. ñb°pßgg. J¡gb. _m`a, {gŠñV, dmñgaa, ~°b§Q>mB©Z, µJ§Q>a, S>moar§J, ~mIa, \o$a}a, Jm°S>©Z hm°b, ew{~Ja, Om{H$`a, øy_, boXb}, {gñQ>a {g{g{b`m Am{U {gñQ>a {¼ñVrZm Aer O_©Z, Am°pñQ´>`Z, ñdrg, \«o$§M Am{U A_o[aH$Z {_eZatMr Zmdo AJXr n[a{MV AmhoV. hr Zmdo Agboë`m Y_©Jwê$ dm {gñQ>am§er Amnë`m Am`wî`mV H$Yr ^oQ> Pmbr Zmhr qH$dm hr Zmdo H$Yrhr H$mZmda nS>br Zmhr Ago gm§JUmar AmO Mmirer dm nÞmerÀ`m Amgnmg Agbobr EH$hr H°$Wmo{bH$ dm àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> ì`º$s `m {Oëøm§V gmnS>Uma Zmhr. Joë`m nmdUoXmoZeo dfmªV _hmamï´>mÀ`m `m {Oëøm§V g_mOOrdZmÀ`m {d{dY joÌm§V _wb^yV ñdê$nmMo `moJXmZ H$aUmè`m H°$Wmo{bH$ Am{U àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> {_eZar§Mr g§»`m XmoZeohÿZ A{YH$ Amho.1

da C„oIbobr Zmdo Agboë`m naXoer {_eZatZr `m {OëømVrb àË`oH$ H°$Wmo{bH$ Hw$Qw>§~mer Joë`m nÞmg dfmªV EH$ doµJioM ^md{ZH$ ZmVo {Z_m©U Ho$bo Amho. ào{fVH$m`© H$aVm§Zm `m {_eZatMr {OëømVrb doJdoµJù`m {_eZH|$Ðm§V ~Xbr hmoV Ago, Ë`m_wio `m gdm©MmM {OëømVrb àË`oH$ Hw$Qw>§~mer H$Yr Zm H$Yr g§~§Y `oV AgoM. AJXr A{bH$S>À`m H$mimn`ªV AZoH$ {¼ñVr Hw$Qw>§~m§Mr Zmi emim, ~mo{S>©J, XdmImZm, ZmoH$ar qH$dm Am{W©H$ gmhmæ` `m H$maUm§_wio \$mXa~mS>rer OmoS>bobr Ago. Ë`m{edm` ~m{áñ_m, n{dÌ H$å`w{Z`Z, {ddmh, A§Ë`g§ñH$ma dJ¡ao ñZmZg§ñH$mam§_wio àË`oH$ Hw$Qw>§~mMm `m \$mXam§er WoQ> g§nH©$ AQ>i Ago. Ë`m_wioM `m `wamo{n`Z \$mXam§Mm Am{U Ë`mMà_mUo {gñQ>am§Mm _amR>r {¼ñVr g_mOOrdZmda àË`j Am{U AàË`j[aË`m \$ma _moR>m à^md nS>bm Amho. `m \$mXam§Zr Am{U {gñQ>am§Zr `oWrb J«m_rU n[agamV _moR>_moR>r Xodio, XdmImZo, emim, dgVrJ¥ho Am{U BVa g§ñWm§Mr g§Hw$bo C^r Ho$br. ho gd© {Z_m©U hmoV AgVm§ZmM ho {_eZar `oWrb {¼ñVr Am{U {~Ja{¼ñVr g_mOmMrhr OS>UKS>U H$aV hmoVo. Ë`m§À`mM AWH$ à`ËZm§VyZ AmO Ah_XZJa, OmbZm Am{U Am¡a§Jm~mX `m {Oëøm§V amhUmè`m qH$dm Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV nwUo, Zm{eH$, _w§~B© Am{U ZmJnwamV ñWm{`H$ Pmboë`m {¼ñVr g_mOmÀ`m e¡j{UH$, Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ àJVrg hmV^ma bmJbm Amho.2

AmOÀ`m H$mimV Y_©Jwê$ åhQ>bo {H$ Ë`m§Mm g_mOmÀ`m Ho$di AmÜ`mpË_H$ ~m~r§nwaVmM g§~Y Agob Ago

J¥{hV Yabo OmVo. _moR>çm eham§V a{ddmaMr {_ñgm Am{U ~m{áñå`mgma»`m {d{dY gm§H«$m_|VmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmnwaVmM h„r Y_©Jwê$§Mm {¼ñVr Hw$Qw>§~mer g§~§Y am{hbm Amho. _mÌ Joë`m gììdmeo dfm©À`m H$mimV {d{eï> gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ g§X^m©_wio Aer n[apñWVr ZìhVr.Ah_XZJa {OëømV A_o[aH$Z _amR>r {_eZ `m àmoQ>oñQ>§Q>n§{W` {_eZatMo H$m`© 1831 gmbr gwê$ Pmbo Am{U Ë`mZ§Va H°$Wmo{bH$ {_eZar§ VoWo 1878 gmbr nmohmoMbo.3 {¼ñVr {_eZatMo `m {Oëøm§V ào{fVH$m`© gwê$ Pmë`mnmgyZ Z§Va Jobr OdiOdi {XS>XmoZeo dfmªn`ªV ~hþg§»` _amR>r {¼ñVr hm g_mO nyU©nUo {_eZatda AZoH$ ~m~VrV Adb§~yZ am{hbm hmoVm.g_mOmVrb n{hbr {nT>r nXdrYa hmoB©n`ªV qH$dm Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm ñdmdb§~r hmoB©n`ªV hr n[apñWVr H$m`_ am{hbr.

g_mOmZo ImbÀ`m OmVrMo åhUyZ hoQ>mibobm Am{U gaH$maZo Ë`m§À`m h¸$mÀ`m gdbVr ZmH$maë`mZo {dH$mgmMr Xmao ~§X Pmboë`m `m g_mOmbm àJVr gmYÊ`mgmR>r {dgmì`m eVH$mV {_eZat{edm` Xwgam Hw$R>bmM AmYma ZìhVm. Ë`m_wio \$mXa~mS>rV amhÿZ VoWo H°$Q>o{H$ñQ>, {ejH$, {enmB©, S´>m`ìha, XdmImÝ`m§V Am`m Am{U PmSy>dmë`m dm {_iob Vo H$m_ H$ê$Z qH$dm \$mXam§Zr eoVrgmR>r Ho$boë`m _XVrda `m bmoH$m§Zr ñdmV§Í`nyd© Am{U ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV JwOamU Ho$br. Ah_XZJa Am{U Am¡a§Jm~mX {Oëøm§V haoJmd, g§J_Zoa, amhmVm, H|$Xi, KmoJaJmd, ~moaga dJ¡ao J«m_rU ^mJm§V {_eZatZr ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimVM àmW{_H$ emim CYS>ë`m hmoË`m. g§J_ZoamV _wbm§Zr Amnë`m g|Q> _oarO ñHy$b_Ü`o {eH$Ê`mgmR>r `mdo `mgmR>r \$mXa dmB©ghm¡ßQ> `m§Zr 1900À`m Xaå`mZ {H$Vr H$ï> KoVbo ho nm{hbo åhUOo {_eZatÀ`m `m gm_m{OH$ godoMo Hw$Urhr H$m¡VwH$M H$aob. `m emim§_wio J«m_rU ^mJm§V gd© OmVrY_mªÀ`m Am{U _w»` åhUOo X{bVm§Zmhr {ejUmMr Xmao n{hë`m§XmM Iwbr Pmbr. `m emim§V gmVdrn`ªV _Ob _mê$ eH$bobo {¼ñVr _wbo-_wbr _J g§J_ZoaÀ`m kmZ_mVm Am{U g|Q> _oarO ñHy$bÀ`m ~moS>vJ_Ü`o amhÿZ AmR>dr-Zddrn`ªV H$go~go nmohmoMV. Ë`mn¡H$s ~hþVoH$ _wbo Amnbr e¡j{UH$ Hw$dV qH$dm nmbH$m§Mr Am{W©H$ Hw$dV AmoiIyZ _°Q´>rH$AmYrM nwÊ`mÀ`m g|Q> Omogo\$ Q>opŠZH$b B§pñQ>Q>çyQ>Mr dmQ> YarV. `oeyg§Kr` Y_©Jwê§$Zr Mmb{dboë`m Ë`mH$mimV AË`§V ZmdmOboë`m `m Am`Q>rAm`_Ü`o hr _wbo {\$Q>a, dm`a_Z, _oH°${ZH$ dJ¡ao H$mog© H$arV. Ë`mH$mimV nwÊ`mV ZwH$VoM doJdoJù`m _moR>çm H§$nÝ`m gwê$ Pmë`m hmoË`m. VoWrb ~OmO, Q>oëH$mo, J«rìO, Jadmao dJ¡ao H§$nZr§_Ü`o `m Vê$Um§Zm ZmoH$è`m {_imë`m. Am{U àW_M `m g_mOmVrb n{hbr {nT>r dVZmMr O{_Z, dVZXmar, JmdmH$S>Mr Añn¥í`m§Zm {_iUmar dmJUyH$ `mnmgyZ Xya hmoD$Z ehamVrb gwYmaboë`m dmVmdaUmV dmdê$ bmJbr.

IoS>çmnmS>çm§V \$mXa~mS>rVM amhÿZ VoWo H$m_ H$aUmè`m bmoH$m§Zm amhÊ`mgmR>r {_eZatZr H$m¡bmar Mmir ~m§Yë`m. haoJmd, lram_nya, amhmVm, eodJmd, Am{U d¡Omnya VmbwŠ`mVrb KmoJaJmd dJ¡ao {R>H$mUr \$mXa~mS>rÀ`m Amgnmg {¼ñVr g_mO PmonS>rEodOr ñdV:À`m OmJoV {g_|Q>À`m nŠŠ`m Kam§V amhÿ bmJbm. nJmaXmar bmoH$ {_eZatZr {Xboë`m H$Om©À`m, AmJmD$ aH$_oÀ`m ~imda \$mXa~mS>rnmerM OmJm {dH$V KoD$Z ñdV:À`m KamV amhÿ bmJbo. \$mXa~mS>r åhUOo `m g_mOmgmR>r EH$ Zdo {díd ~Zbo. \$mXa~mS>r gmoSy>Z ~mhoa Om`Mo åhQ>ë`mg Ë`m§Zm ñdV:À`m Hw$dVrda Am{W©H$ {dH$mg gmYUo Ë`mH$mimV Var eŠ` ZìhVo. `m {dídm~mhoa Ë`m§Zm gÝ_mZmZo OJUo eŠ` Pmbo ZgVo. {ejUmA^mdr Am{U amIrd OmJm§À`m H$dMmA^mdr gaH$maXa~mar Ë`m§Zm ZmoH$arV ñWmZ ZìhVo. nwT>o OmVrnmVrMo amOH$maU gwê$ Pmë`mZo ImgJr qH$dm ghH$mar g§ñWm§V Ë`m§Mr S>mi {eOV ZìhVr. Zm KaH$m, Zm KmQ>H$m Aer pñWVr Pmë`mZo {¼ñVr {_eZarM `mH$mimV Ë`m§Mo _m`~mn ~Zbo.

J«m_rU ^mJm§V AZoH$ XeHo$ ~hþg§»` {¼ñVr Hw$Qw>§~m§Vrbhr {H$_mZ EH$ Var ì`º$s \$mXa~mS>rV Hw$R>ë`m Z Hw$R>ë`m nXmda H$m_ H$aV Agm`Mr. AZoH$Xm VrM ì`º$s Ë`m Hw$Qw>§dmVrb EH$_od H$_mdVr ì`º$s Agm`Mr. AmOhr `m n[apñWVrV \$magm \$aH$ nS>bobm Zmhr. Ë`mH$mimV EH$m {_eZñWmZm_Ü`o AmgnmgÀ`m AZoH$ IoS>çm§Mm g_mdoe ìhm`Mm. Ë`m JmdmV Y_©Jwê$§Mr _{hÝ`mVyZ EH$Xm {_ñgogmR>r \o$ar ìhm`Mr. _mÌ Ë`m JmdmVrb àË`oH$ {¼ñVr ì`º$s \$mXam§À`m Mm§Jë`m n[aM`mMr Agm`Mr. CnmgZm hmoÊ`mAmYr qH$dm Z§Va Ë`m Hw$Qw>§~m§Vrb gwIXw:ImÀ`m Jmoï>r \$mXam§Zm H$im`À`m. `m g_mOmÀ`m AÜ`mpË_H$ JaOm ^mJdVmZmM Ë`m§À`m Am{W©H$, H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ A{S>AS>MUr Xya H$aÊ`mghr ho {_eZar _XV H$am`Mo. EImXm XmXbm Amnë`m ~m`H$mobm Zm§X{dV Zgob dm EImXr gmgwadm{eU gmgar Om`bm ZmIwe Agbr Va \$mXam§Zr XmoKm§Zmhr ehmUnUmMo ~mob gm§JyZ _Ü`ñWr H$amdr Aer Ë`m§À`m nmbH$m§Mr Anojm Ago. ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimVrb XmoZ _hm`wÜXm§À`m H$mimV AZoH$ O_©Z {_eZar§Zm Vwé§Jdmg KS>bm, naXoemVyZ `oUmè`m Hw$R>ë`mhr ñdê$nmÀ`m _XVrdahr XrK©H$mi {Z~ªY Ambo. Xw~©i KQ>H$m§À`m _XVrgmR>r gVV nwT>o OmUmao {_eZatMo hmV `m H$mimV IynM AdKS>bobo hmoVo.

gZ 1960 Am{U 1970 À`m XeH$m§V `oeyg§Kr` {_eZar naXoem§VyZ Ambobo YmÝ`, Vob Am{U JmoR>dë`m XyYmMr nmdS>a hbmIrMr n[apñWVr AgUmè`m Hw$Qw>§~m§_Ü`o dmQ>V AgV ho _r nm{hbo Amho. `m _XVr_Ü`o ~ëJa `m ZmdmMo A_o[aH$Z YmÝ` Agm`Mo. ' \«$m°_ A_o[aH$m {dW bìh' hr B§J«Or Am{U 'A_o[aH$s OZVmH$s ^oQ>' ho qhXr eãX Agboë`m Á`wQ>gmaa»`m JmoÊ`m§VyZ ho ~ëJa dmQ>bo Om`Mo. OmS> ImH$s H$mJXm§Mr grb~§Y Agbobr XwYmMr {nedr \$moSy>Z Ë`mVrb XwYmMr nmdS>arMo AZoH$ Hw$Qw>§~m§_Ü`o dmQ>n ìhm`Mo. Mm¡H$moZr Mma -nmM {bQ>aÀ`m JmoS>oVobmMo S>~ohr JaOy bmoH$m§Zm {Xbo Om`Mo. {deof åhUOo naXoemVyZ `oUmè`m `m _XVrMo {¼ñVr Hw$Qw>§~m~amo~aM {~Ja{¼ñVr JaOy ì`º$s A{U Hw$Qw>§~m§Vhr dmQ>n ìhm`Mo.

AZoH$ df} {_eZatZrhr Amnë`m Hw$dVrZwgma `m bmoH$m§À`m gm_m{OH$, e¡j{UH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ àJVrgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bo. ñdmV§Í`moVa H$mimV naXoer {_eZatÀ`m ^maVmVrb dmñVì`mda {Z~ªYo bmXÊ`mV Ambr. Zm{eH$ {OëømVrb _Z_mS> ehamV bmoH$m§gmR>r AZoH$ {dH$mg`moOZm am~Umao ñn°{Ze Y_©Jwê$ \$mXa {dÝgoQ> \o$aoam `m§À`m~m~VrV {Z_m©U Ho$bobo H$mhÿa AOyZhr bmoH$m§À`m Mm§Jbo ñ_aUmV Amho. ñdmV§Í`m§Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV Zdo naXoer {_eZar Ah_XZJa {Oëøm§V Am{U XoemÀ`m BVa ^mJm§V _moR>çm g§»`oZo Ambo ZmhrV. Oo nyduM Ambo hmoVo, Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m nyU© h`mVrV åhUOo AJXr d`mMr ZìdXr JmR>on`ªV `oWrb JaOy, Cno{jV g_mOmMr godm Ho$br.

`wamon- A_o[aHo$VyZ `m naŠ`m _wbwImV EoZ Vmê$Ê`mV `oD$Z `oWrb H$S>H$ D$Z, doJù`m nÜXVrMm Amhma Am{U AË`§V H$ï>mMr OrdZe¡br nËH$ê$Z XoIrb `mn¡H$s AZoH$ {_eZatZm OUyH$mhr Ë`m§À`m godoMo \$i åhUyZ XrKm©`wî` {_imë`mMo {XgVo. ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV KmoS>çm§dê$Z, N>H$S>çm§dê$Z,nm`rnm`r qH$dm gm`H$btdê$Z JmdmoJmdr àdmg H$aUmè`m Am{U ñWm{ZH$ Ádmar-^mH$arÀ`m ^mH$argmaIo AÞ nM{dUmè`m {~en hoZ«r S>moatJ, Om{H$`a~m~m, em°H$, ñQw>_©, ñQ>mH©$, [aMS>© dmñgaa, ñQ>m\$Za, ~mXa, hmëXZa, nm`g J¡gb dJ¡ao naXoer {_eZatZm Hw$Umbmhr hodm dmQ>ob Ago Amamo½` Am{U {XKm©`wî` bm^bo. AJXr ZìdXr nma Ho$ë`mZ§Vahr `mn¡H$s AZoH$ Y_©Jwê$ àH¥$VrZo AJXr V§XwéñV hmoVo. ZìdXr nma Ho$boë`m nwÊ`mMo AmM©{~en hoZ«r S>moatJ MmbVmZm Ìmg hmoVmo åhUyZ H$mR>r dmnam Agm g„m {Xbm Va Vo Idim`Mo. 'H$mR>r KoD$Z Mmby? _J bmoH$ åhUVrb, hm ~Km, AmVm hm åhmVmam Pmbm!'' 4 Joë`m EH$-XmoZ XeH$m§À`m H$mimV {Ma{dlm§Vr bm^boë`m `m {_eZatÀ`m H$m`m©§Mm bm^ {_imbobo Am{U Ë`m§À`m ghdmgmV Ambobo AZoH$ {¼ñVr Am{U {~Ja{¼ñVr bmoH$ AmO {H$_mZ nÞmer qH$dm gmR>rÀ`m Amgnmg AmhoV. `m {_eZatZr {ejU, gm_m{OH$, Am{U Am{W©H$ joÌmV Ho$boë`m `moJXmZm§Mr `m ì`º$s CÎm_ gmj XoD$ eH$VmV.

^maVr` g_mOmV nwT>rb {nT>çm§gmR>r B{VhmgmMr Zm|X amIÊ`mMr gd` AmT>iV Zmhr Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. `m naXoer {_eZatZm AmnU {dgaV OmV Agbmo Var Ë`m§À`m _m`Xoem§Vrb `wamonmV amo_, O_©Zr Am{U BVa {R>H$mUr `m Y_©Jwê§$Zr Amnë`m ZmVodmB©H$m§Zm, {_Ì_§S>itZm Am{U Y_m©{YH$mè`m§Zm {b{hbobr nÌo, Ë`m§À`m amoO{Zer Am{U VoWrb ñWm{ZH$ ^mfm§V {b{hbobr M[aÌo AmOhr OVZ H$ê$Z R>odbobr AmT>iVmV. _amR>r {¼ñVr g_mOmÀ`m BVHo$M Zìho Va _hmamï´>mVrb VËH$mbrZ g_mOmÀ`m B{VhmgmÀ`m Ñï>rZo hr H$mJXnÌo EH$ _m¡ë`dmZ R>odmM Amho. Amnbm B{Vhmg OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r `wamonmVrb hr O_©Z Am{U b°Q>rZ ^mfm§Vrb hr H$mJXnÌo Yw§S>mim`Mr nmir `mdr hr Zm_wîH$sM åhUmdr bmJob. _amR>r g§V dmS²>:_`mMo g§emoYH$ aoìô. OñQ>rZ ES>dS>© A°~Q> `m§Zm 1920À`m Xaå`mZ B§½bS>_Ü`o Wm°_g ñQ>r\$ÝgZo gmoimì`m eVH$mV {b{hboë`m ' {H«$ñVnwamU' `m _amR>r _hmH$mì`mMr XodZmJar {bnrVrb hñV{bIrV àV AerM Ho$di AnKmVmZoM gmnS>br hmoVr.5 O_©Z Am{U ñdrg Y_©àm§VmÀ`m `oeyg§{K`m§Zr Ho$boë`m npíM_ ^maVmV åhUOo _hmamï´>, Jmodm Am{U JwOamV `m amÁ`m§V ào{fVH$m`m©g 2004 _Ü`o {XS>eo df} nyU© Pmbr, Ë`m{Z{_Îm `m O_©Z, ñdrg, Am°pñQ´>`Z `oeyg§{K` d«VñÏ`m§À`m H$m_mMm AmT>mdm KoUmar EH$ ñ_a{UH$m àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. Ë`mdoir `oeyg§{K`m§Zr OnyZ R>odboë`m b°{Q>Z Am{U O_©Z nÌm§Mo, Zm|Xr§Mo Am{U BVa H$mJXnÌm§Mo B§J«OrV ^mfm§Va H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. 'aoBg- `mÌm' `m {ef©H$mMr hr ñ_a{UH$m naXoer {_eZatÀ`m godo~Ôb ì`º$ Ho$bobr EH$ H¥$VkVmM Amho.6 Ah_XZJa {OëømVrb gdm©V Cno{jV Agboë`m g_mOKQ>H$m§gmR>r Amnbo nyU© OrdZ g_{n©V Ho$boë`m {_eZatn¡H$s AZoH$ Y_©Jwê$ Am{U {gñQ>g© g§J_Zoa `oWrb g|Q> _oarO hm`ñHy$bÀ`m eoOmarb H$~añWmZmV {Ma{ZÐm KoV AmhoV. BVa {_eZatÀ`m H$~ar nyUo, H|$Xi Am{U lram_nya `oWrb X\$Z^y_rV AmhoV.

'g_ Q>mBåg {X {g_|Q>arO Ama H§$Q>oqZJ _moa {hñQ>ar X°Z _oZr ~wŠg' (H$Yr H$Yr nwñVH$m§nojmhr X\$Z^y_rV A{YH$ B{Vhmg AgVmo) Ago \$mXa Á`mo C~ob_oñga `m O_©ZrVrb Y_©Jwê$§Zr Zm{eH$ H°$Wmo{bH$ Y_©J«m_mÀ`m 2003 gmbr à{gÜX Pmboë`m ñ_a{UHo$V Amnë`m g§XoemV åhQ>bo Amho,7 Vo `mg§X^m©V AJXr bmJy nS>Vo. Ë`m WS>½`m§darb {Mam {ZIiV Joë`m, VoWo {Z`{_VnUo H¥$Vk²>Vmnyd©H$ nUË`m dm _oU~Î`m bmdë`m bmdë`m Joë`m Zmhr Var Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m H$m`mªMo _mob H$_r hmoV Zmhr. `mn¡H$s AZoH$ {_eZatMr Zmdo H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV {dñ_aUmV Jobr Var gìdmeo dfm©§À`m H$mimV Ë`m§Zr {¼ñVr Am{U {~Ja{¼ñVr g_mOmgmR>r Ho$bobr godm {dgabr OmUma Zmhr.

g§X^©:

1) 'X àm°{_g Am°\$ A aoZ~mo- E {Q´>ã`wQ> Am°\$ bìh Qy> Ada {_eZarO X dobpñà¨J Am°\$ hmon \$m°a X \w$Ma' - Zm{eH$ H°$Wmo{bH$ Y_©àm§VmV {_eZar H$m`m©g 125 df} Pmë`m{Z{_Îm àH$m{eV Ho$bobr ñ_a{UH$m (1878-2003), (nmZ 96)

2) H$m{_b nmaIo, '{¼ñVr {_eZè`m§Mo `moJXmZ', gw{ZVr npãbHo$eÝg, {dVaH$ - gwJmdm àH$meZ, nwUo (2003) (_ZmoJV, nmZo 7 Vo 10)

3) E_. E. S>oìhrS>, ' {_eÝg:H«$m°g-H$ëMab EZH$m¢Q>a A±S> M|O BZ doñQ>Z© B§{S>`m', àH$meH$ - B§{S>`Z gmogm`Q>r \$m°a à_mo{Q>J {¼íMZ Zm°boO', nmoñQ> ~m°Šg 168, H$mpí_ar JoQ>, {X„r, 110 006, (nmZ 48)

4) S>m° A{OV bmoI§S>o, '~«Xa `mogo\$ E§Jb (`oeyg§K)', '{Zamoß`m' _m{gH$, _o 2007, (nmZ 10)

5) '\$mXa ñQ>r\$ZH¥$V {H«$ñVnwamU (n¡bo d Xwgao)', g§nmXH$ : em§Vmam_ ~§S>oby, àH$meH$, `. µJmo. Omoer, àgmX àH$meZ, 689/24, gXm{ed noR>, nwUo 411 002 (1956) (n[a{eï> 3, OñQ>rZ E A°~Q> `m§Mo 'X Q>mBåg Am°\$ B§{S>`m'V à{gÜX Pmbobo nÌ, (nmZ 946 Vo 949)

6) 'aoB©g- `mÌm', O_©Z Am{U ñdrg Y_©àm§VmÀ`m OogwB©Q>g Y_©Jwê$§Zr npíM_ ^maVmV gwê$ Ho$boë`m ào{fVH$m`m©g 150 df} nyU© Pmë`m{Z{_Îm à{gÜX Ho$bobr ñ_a{UH$m, àH$meH$ - \$m. ñQ>°Zr \$Zmª{S>g, nwUo OogwB©Q> Y_©àm§Vm§Mo _w»`m{YH$mar, g§OrdZ Aml_, 38, ggyZ amoS>, nwUo- 411 001 (2004)

7)'X àm°{_g Am°\$ A aoZ~mo- E {Q´>ã`wQ> Am°\$ bìh Qy> Ada {_eZarO X dobpñà¨J Am°\$ hmon \$m°a X \w$Ma', (nmZ 95)

Why religious conversions? (Marathi)

JmdHw$gm~mhoaMm {¼ñVr g_mO

H$m{_b nmaIo

gwJmdm àH$meZ, nwUo

5) Y_m©§Va H$emgmR>r - ^mH$argmR>r, AmË_gÝ_mZmgmR>r {H$ {dÐmohmgmR>r

npíM_ _hmamï´>mV Ah_XZJa {OëømV, _amR>dmS>çmÀ`m Am¡a§Jm~mX Am{U OmbZm {Oëøm§V Am{U {dX^m©À`m H$mhr {Oëøm§V EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mV _moR>çm à_mUmV gm_wXm{`H$ Y_mªVao Pmbr. Ë`m_mJo Ho$di AmÜ`mpË_H$ àoaUm hmoVr Ago åhUUo YmS>gmMo R>aob. n§{S>Vm a_m~mB©, aoìô. Zmam`U dm_Z {Q>iH$, bú_r~mB© {Q>iH$, aoìh. ZriH§$R>emór Zohoå`m Jmoèho, ~m~m nX_ZOr dJ¡ao gw{e{jV ì`º$s§À`m Y_mªVamV AÜ`mpË_H$ n[adV©Z KS>bo ho {Z:g§e`. Añn¥í` OmVrO_mVtÀ`m gm_wXm{`H$ Y_mªVam~m~V _mÌ Ago åhUVm `oUma Zmhr. Á`m bmoH$m§À`m d¡`{º$H$ dm gm_m{OH$ OrdZmV Xod-Y_©, XoD$i, Y_©J«§W `m g§H$ënZm§Zm H$Yrhr àdoe ZìhVm, Aem g_mOmVyZ dmirV Q>mH$boë`m bmoH$m§Zr {¼ñVr Y_m©Mo AÜ`mË_ AmYr g_OyZ KoD$Z Z§Va hm Y_© ñdrH$mabm Ago åhUUo dmñVì`mg Yê$Z hmoUma Zmhr.

Y_m©§Vao H$m hmoVmV? Amnë`m dmS>d{S>bm§nmgyZ Ambobm Y_© gmoSy>Z Xwgam Y_© H$dQ>miÊ`mMr nmir EImÚm ì`º$sda dm g_mOmda H$m `oVo? ì`º$sJV Y_m©§Va AWm©VM nyU©V: Ë`m ì`º$ser g§~§YrV Agboë`m _mZ{gH$, AmÜ`mpË_H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrda Adb§~yZ AgVo. _mÌ Ooìhm EImXm _moR>m g_yh Amnbm Y_© gmoSy>Z Xwgè`m Y_m©V OmVmo, Ë`mdoir `m Y_m©§Vam_mJMr H$maUo g_OyZ KoUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. .

Y_mªVam_mJMr H$maUo Am{U àoaUm `m§Mo A{dZme S>moig `m§Zr nwT>rb eãXm§V {díbofU Ho$bo Amho :

""Y_mªVa hm Amnë`m XoemVrb EH$ `wJm-`wJmnmgyZ MmbV Ambobm à`moJ Amho. qhXy Y_m©À`m OmMmbm H§$Q>miyZ Amnë`m CÜXmamgmR>r AZoH$m§Zr Y_mªVa Ho$bo Amho. _wpñb_ amOdQ>rV Añn¥í`m§Vrb ~hþg§»` bmoH$m§Zr _wpñb_ Y_© ñdrH$mê$Z g_VoH$S>o Ymd KoVbr. Ë`mMà_mUo {~«{Q>e amOdQ>rV AZoH$m§Zr OmVrì`dñWoZo {Xbobo ZrMnU PwJmê$Z Ë`mVyZ _wº$ hmoÊ`mgmR>r {¼ñVr Y_m©Mm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm Amho. AZoH$ Am{Xdmgr bmoH$m§Zrhr {ejUmgmR>r, AmnwbH$sÀ`m {_iUmè`m dmJUwH$sgmR>r {¼ñVr Y_© ñdrH$mabm Amho. {_eZar bmoH$m§Zr Cno{jV, Jar~ bmoH$m§gmR>r S>m|JaXè`mV emim§Mr ñWmnZm H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`mn`ªV {ejU ZoD$Z EH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$m`© Ho$bo Amho. `m gmè`m§Mm n[aUm_ åhUyZ ^maVmV A{YH$m{YH$ X{bV, Am{Xdmgr _§S>ir {¼ñVr Pmbr AmhoV. '' 1

Xwgè`m EH$m boImV S>moig `m§Zr Ago åhQ>bo Amho: ''doJdoJù`m amOdQ>rVrb Y_m©§VamMm g§X^© ~Xbbm Var Ë`m_mJrb Y_m©§V[aVm§Mr ^mdZm EH$gmaIrM amhV Ambr Amho. Om{Vì`dñWm, Añn¥í`Vm, eyÐ `m OmoI§S>mVyZ _wº$ hmoÊ`mgmR>r bmoH$m§Zr Y_m©§Vao Ho$br. H$Yr Vo _wñbr_ Pmbo, H$Yr Vo {¼íMZ Pmbo. Z§Va S>m° Am§~oS>H$am§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr Ë`m§Zr ~m¡ÜX Y_m©Mm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm. g_VoMr {eH$dU d dmJUyH$ OoWo {_iob Ë`m Y_m©bm Amnbogo H$ê$Z `m bmoH$m§Zr àñWm{nV Y_m©{déÜXMm Amnbm {ZfoY Zm|X{dbm Amho.''2

_hmamï´>mVrb dm BVa Hw$R>ë`mhr {R>H$mUr gm_wXm{`H$ {¼ñVr Y_mªVao AÚmpË_H$ n[adV©ZmZo Pmbr Agm Xmdm IwÔ {¼ñVr Y_©Jwê$ qH$dm MM©hr H$aV Zmhr. Ah_XZJa {OëømVrb ào{fVH$m`m©Mm B{Vhmg {b{hUmè`m \$mXa S>m° {¼ñVmo\$a eoiHo$ `m§Mo {díbofU nwT>rbà_mUo Amho: ''H°$Wmo{bH$ lÜXoMm {Za{Zamù`m ^mJmV H$gm àma§^ Pmbm ho nmhUo _moR>o _Zmoa§OH$ Amho. ¹${MV àg§JrM AÜ`mËå`mZo gwê$dmV Pmbobr {XgVo Ago IwÔ n{dÌ ew^g§XoemVhr Amnë`mbm Xwga§ {XgV Zmhr. bmoH$ `oeyÀ`m ^modVr JXu H$ê$ bmJbo. H$maU Ë`mZo AmOmè`m§Zm ~ao Ho$bo, _oboë`m§Zm nwÝhm CR>{dbo, AewÜXm§Zm Ë`mZo ewÜX Ho$bo Am{U ^mH$ar dmT>{dë`m. bmoH$m§Mm O_md Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o Amë`mZ§VaM Ë`mZo Ë`m§Mo bj emídV _wë`m§H$S>o AmoTy>Z KoVbo. ''Vwåhr _mÂ`mda lÕm R>odVm åhUyZ Vwåhr _mÂ`mH$S>o Ambm Ago Zmhr, Va _r Vwåhm§bm ^mH$a {Xbr åhUyZ Vwåhr AmbmV.'' Ë`mZ§VaM _J `oey AÜ`mËå`mH$S>o diyZ 'Zída AÞmgmR>r PQy> ZH$m. Ë`mEodOr {MaH$mbrZ AÞmgmR>r à`ËZ H$am' Ago Ë`m bmoH$m§Zm gm§JVmo.''3 {¼ñVr {_eZatZr gd©àW_ ^wHo$ë`m bmoH$m§Mr ^yH$ ^mJ{dbr, Ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ àJVrgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bo Am{U Z§VaM Vo AÜ`mËå`mH$S>o dimbo. 'AmYr nmoQ>mo~m, _J {dR>mo~m' Aer åhU `m ^mJmV àM{bV Amho. Vr åhU `m {_eZar bmoH$m§Zr Amnë`m ào{fVH$m`m©V àË`jmV CVa{dbr.

`m g§X^m©V Hw$R>oVar dmMbobr EH$ Jmoï> _bm AmR>dVo. EH$ _hmË_m Amnë`m {eî`m§~amo~a {\$aV hmoVm. EH$m JmdmV Amë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zm EH$ ^wHo$Zo ì`mµHw$i Pmbobm _mUyg {Xgbm. Ë`m _hmËå`mMm {eî` Ë`m _mUgmOdi OmD$Z Ë`mbm AÜ`mËå`m{df`r Mma Jmoï>r gm§Jy bmJbm. _mÌ Ë`m _mUgmH$S>o Ë`m {eî`mH$S>o nmR> {\$a{dbr. {eî` Ë`mZ§Va XwgarH$S>o Jobm. WmoS>çmdoimZo Vmo naVbm Voìhm VmoM _mUyg Amnë`m Jwê$À`m nm`mer ~gyZ AÜ`mËå`mMm g§Xoe EoH$V Amho Ago Ë`mbm {Xgbo. M{H$V hmoD$Z {eî`mZo Amnë`m Jwê$bm `m~m~VrV {dMmabo Voìhm Vmo _hmË_m åhUmbm. "_r Ë`mbm ImÊ`mgmR>r Ho$ir {Xbr. ^wHo$bm Agë`mZo Ë`mMr Ë`mdoiMr VrM JaO hmoVr.''

Y_mªVam_mJMr H$maU_r_m§gm ñnï> H$aVmZm EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mV gm_m{OH AÝ`m`mMo, N>idUwH$sMo ~ir R>aboë`m X{bV g_mOmÀ`m Ñï>rZo {¼ñVr {_eZar XodXyVM R>abo Ago Zm{eH$À`m {\$bmo{_Zm ~mJyb `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho. Ë`m åhUVmV: '' {_eZatZr Amåhmbm {¼ñVm~amo~a Eo{hH$ gwImMm _mJ© XmI{dbm. XmoZ hOma dfm©nwdu à^y {¼ñVmZo AZoH$ M_ËH$ma Ho$bo, {_eZatZrhr Am_À`mgmR>r AZoH$ M_ËH$ma Ho$bo. Ë`mZr à{VHy$b n[apñWVrV Ho$bobo H$m`© H$moUË`mhr M_ËH$mamnojm µH$_r ZìhVo. à^y {¼ñVmZo bmoH$m§Zm OodU XoD$Z V¥á Ho$bo. Ë`mMà_mUo {_eZatZr AZoH$m§Zm AÞ XoD$Z V¥á Ho$bo. à^y {¼ñVmZo A§Ym§Zm Ñï>r {Xbr,Ë`mMà_mUo {_eZatZr kmZ XoD$Z Amåhmbm ZdÑï>r {Xbr. à^y {¼ñVmZo _wŠ`m§Zm dmMm {Xbr, Ë`mMà_mUo {_eZatZr hOmamo df} dmMm ~§X Agboë`m Amåhmbm dmMm {Xbr. {¼ñVmZo XwIUmBVm§Zm ~ao Ho$bo, VÛV {_eZatZr Am¡fYmonMmam§Zr amo½`m§Zm ~ao Ho$bo. à^y {¼ñVmZo _oboë`m§Zm {Od§V Ho$bo. {_eZatZr _¥Ë`wn§Wmg Q>oH$boë`m§Zm OrdXmZ {Xbo. {_eZatMo ho H$m`© Am_À`mgmR>r EH$mEH$m _moR>çm M_ËH$mamà_mUoM hmoVo. {_eZatZr Amåhmbm µH$m` {Xbo Zmhr? Ë`m§Zr Amåhmbm {dídmg {Xbm, ào_ {Xbo, Y_© {Xbm, ^mH$a {Xbr, AmË_{dídmg {Xbm, ñdm{^_mZ {Xbm, AmË_gÝ_mZ {Xbm Am{U gdm©V _hËdmMo åhUOo C?d{U©`m©À`m Jwbm_{JarVyZ _wº$ H$éZ Am_Mm H$mo§S>bobm ídmg _wº$ Ho$bm.''4

C?d{U©`m§Zr nm`§Xir VwS>dboë`m, amoOMr ^mH$ar {_idÊ`mgmR>r YS>nS>Umè`m Añn¥í` bmoH$m§Zm naXoer {_eZatZr _m`oZo Odi Ho$bo. XwîH$mimÀ`m Am{U XmoZ _hm`wÜXm§À`m H$mimV Am{U BVahr doir AÞnmUr, H$nS>mbÎmm nwadbm. JmdmÀ`m doer~mhoa hmH$bboë`m `m X{bV bmoH$m§À`m Ñï>rZo Va ho {_eZar XodXyVM R>abo. `m {_eZatZr XmIdboë`m XodmMm, Y_m©Mm Am{U J«§WmMm Ë`m§Zr Hw$R>ë`mhr e§H$mHw$e§H$m Z H$mT>Vm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm. AemàH$mao AZoH$ Jmdm§Vrb gd©À`m gd© _hma dm _m§J Hw$Qw>§~o H$mhr dfmªÀ`m H$mimV {¼ñVr Pmbr.

Jmoì`mV Á`m nÜXVrZo Y_m©§Va Pmbo Vgo _hmamï´>mV Pmbo Zmhr Ago AZwn_m COJao `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho. '' H$moUr ~m{áñ_m Úm åhQ>b§ Va {_eZar Ë`mbm AmVyZ nmaIyZ KoV. Vg§M, ~mhoa H$mhr H$mi§~oa§ Va Zmhr Zm hohr VnmgyZ ~KV. Om{V^oXmÀ`m N>imnm`r Ord _oQ>mHw$Q>rbm Amboë`m VimJmimVë`m§Zm, {_eZatZr XoD$ Ho$boë`m OrdZñVamMm _moh Pmbm. Ë`m_wio gm_y{hH$ Y_mªVa§hr Pmbr.'"5

'H°$Wmo{bH$ {_eZar§H$S>o bmoH$ àW_ dibo Vo Y_© ^mdZm _ZmV R>odyZ Zìho' Ago nwÊ`mVrb g|Q> {dÝg|Q> ñHy$bMo _mOr àmMm`© \$mXa Ho$ZoW {_pñH$Q>m Am{U \$mXa Wm°_g gmido `m§Zrhr 'OogwB©Q> 2005' `m dm{f©H A§H$mV ñnï> åhQ>bo Amho. {_eZatH$S>o diÊ`mMm Ë`m§Mm hoVy nmoQ>mnmÊ`mMm d gm_m{OH$ _mZgÝ_mZ hm hmoVm Ago `m Y_©Jwê§$Zr åhQ>bo Amho. Ah_XZJa {OëømVrb bmoH$m§Mo Eo{hH$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ àíZ hmVmiÊ`mMm {_eZar§Zr à`ËZ Ho$bm. Ah_XZJa hm H$m`_Mm XwîH$mir {Oëhm. Ë`m_wio XwîH$miJ«ñV OZVogmR>r {_P[a`moa, H$m[aVmg, grAmaEg `mgma»`m godm^mdr g§ñWm§À`m _XVrZo {_eZar§Zr {d{har ImoXÊ`mg, n§n Am{U {~`mUo I[aXÊ`mg ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§Zm _XV Ho$br. gm_m{OH$ Am{U Ym{_©H$ H$m_m§Mr J„V hmoD$ Z`o, AmÜ`mpË_H$ ~m~r§H$S>o Xwb©j hmoD$ Z`o åhUyZ gm_m{OH$ H$m_m§gmR>r àW_ lram_nya `oWo Am{U Z§Va Ah_XZJa `oWo gmoeb g|Q>aMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. bmoH$m§À`m JaOm ^mJdyZ, Ë`m§À`m{df`r AmñWm XmIdyZ O_©Z Am{U EVÔoer` `oeyg§Kr` d«VñWm§Zr `oWrb bmoH$m§Mr lÜXm Omonmgbr. 'àma§^r emiogmR>r EH$hr {dÚmWu {_iV Zgo. nU AmO ZJa {OëømVrb `oeyg§Kr`m§À`m d Y_©àm§{V`m§À`m emimV hOmamo H$mWmo{bH$ d A{¼ñVr {dÚmWu {ejU KoV AmhoV.n{hë`m _hm`wÜXmÀ`m gwédmVrg ZJa {OëømV 10,000 {¼ñVr hmoVo d \$º$ Mma {_eZ ñQ>oeZ hmoVr. AmO drg {_eZ ñQ>oeZ AmhoV d 60,000 {¼ñVr bmoH$m§Mr d A{¼ñVr OZVoMr AmÜ`mpË_H$ d Eo{hH$ JaO ^mJ{dbr OmVo,'' Ago \$mXa {_pñH$Q>m Am{U gmido `m§Zr `m boImV åhQ>bo Amho.6

Y_mªVam_mJMr H$maUo H$mhrhr AgmoV, hr gm_wXm{`H$ {¼ñVr Y_mªVao EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mVrb _hmamï´>mVrb EH$ _moR>r gm_m{OH$ H«$m§Vr hmoVr. àM{bV g_mOì`dñWo{déÔMm Vmo EH$ _moR>m {dÐmoh hmoVm. Ë`mdoiÀ`m AÝ`mæ` pñWVrVyZ gwQ>H$m H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMm Y_m©§Va EH$ _mJ© hmoVm. {deof åhUOo `m X{bVm§Zm _wº$sMm hm _mJ© XmI{dUmam Ë`m§À`m_Ü`o Hw$Urhr _moPog ZìhVm. EH$m JmdmV EH$ Y_mªVa Pmbo Am{U Ë`m Y_m©§VamMo Eo{hH$, gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$hr \$m`Xo Ë`mÀ`m ZmVodmB©H$m§Zm, ^mD$~§Xm§Zm bjmV Ambo Am{U Ë`m§Zrhr VmoM _mJ© nËH$abm. EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V Am{U {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwédmVrg gm_wXm{`H$ {¼ñVr Y_mªVamMr hr bmQ> _hmamï´>mV da Z_yX Ho$boë`m {Oëøm§V Mmby am{hbr. IoS>çmnmS>çm§V, AmS>diUmÀ`m N>moQ>çmem dñVtda AqhgoÀ`m _mJm©Zo AJXr g§WnUo Pmboë`m `m H«$m§VrMr Ë`mdoiÀ`m C?d{U©`m§Zr gmYr XIbhr KoVbr Zmhr. `m gm_m{OH$ H«$m§Vr_mJMr ~hþ{d{dY H$maUo, Ë`mMm g_mOmÀ`m BVa KQ>H$m§da Pmbobm n[aUm_ Am{U daÀ`m OmVtÀ`m Aaoamdrg Am{U gd©M joÌm§Vrb _ºo$Xmarg AZoH$ eVH$m§Z§Va n{hë`m§XmM {_imbobo AmìhmZ `mMo g_mOemókm§Zr d BVa g§emoYH$m§Zr AmVmn`ªV {díbofU Ho$bobo Zmhr.

ho Y_mªVa amoIÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m Añn¥í` OmVtZm Ë`m§Zm hdm Vmo AmË_gÝ_mZ Úmdm qH$dm AÝ`mæ` g_mOì`dñWm ~Xbmdr Agohr Ë`mdoiÀ`m g_mOYw[aUm§Zm dmQ>bo Zmhr. Ë`mZ§Va H$mhr dfmªZ§Va `odë`mV 1935 gmbr S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Y_mªVamMr JO©Zm Ho$br Voìhmhr ho gm_wXm{`H$ Y_mªVa amoIÊ`mgmR>r R>mog nmdbo CMbbr Jobr ZmhrM. Y_mªVamÀ`m KmofUoZ§Va AIoarg XmoZ XeH$m§Z§Va ~wÜX Y_m©Mm ñdrH$ma H$ê$Z S>m° Am§~oS>H$am§Zr Am{U Ë`m§À`m AZw`m`m§Zr EH$ A{^Zd gm_m{OH$ pñWË`§Va KS>dyZ AmUbo.

g§X^©:

1) A{dZme S>moig, ''Am§~oS>H$ar Midi: n[adV©ZmMo g§X^©'' , àH$meH$: Cfm dmK, gwJmdm àH$meZ, 861/1, gXm{ed noR>,nwUo - 411 030 (1995) ( nmZ 46)

2) Cnamoº$à_mUo, (nmZ 136)

3) \$mXa S>m°. {¼ñVmo\$a eoiHo$, ' {Zamoß`m' _m{gH$, Am°ŠQ>moda 1977 (nmZ H«$_m§H$ 33)

4) {\$bmo{_Zm ~mJyb, '{_eZ H$m`© 150 df}: gm_m{OH$ {dH$mg', ' X àm°{_g Am°\$ A aoZ~mo- E {Q´>ã`wQ> Am°\$ bìh Qy> Ada {_eZarO X dobpñà¨J Am°\$ hmon \$m°a X â`wMa - Zm{eH$ H°$Wmo{bH$ Y_©àm§VmV {_eZar H$m`m©g 125 df} Pmë`m{Z{_Îm àH$m{eV Ho$bobr ñ_a{UH$m (1878-2003), ( _amR>r {d^mJ, nmZ 23)

5) S>m°. AZwn_m COJao, '_amR>r àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> {¼ñVr g_mO', àH$meH$: J«§Wmbr kmZ`k, Q>monrdmbm boZ, å`w{Z{gnb ñHy$b B_maV, S>m° ^S>H$_H$a _mJ© nmo{bg ñQ>oeZg_moa, J«±Q> amoS>, _w§~B© - 400 007 (2003), (nmZ 22)

6) 'OogwB©Q>g 2005', B`a ~wH$ Am°\$ X gmogm`Q>r Am°\$ {OPg, àH$meH$ : gmogm`Q>r Am°\$ {OPg, ~moJm} Eg, pñn[aVmo 4, 00193 amo_, BQ>br (nmZ 135), Am{U ' {Zamoß`m' _m{gH$, \o$~«wdmar 2005 (nmZ 26)

Untouchability: The world outside and inside the village gate (Marathi)

 JmdHw$gm~mhoaMm {¼ñVr g_mO,  H$m{_b nmaIo

gwJmdm àH$meZ, nwUo

2) JmdHw$gmVrb, JmdHw$gm~mhoaMo OJ

{h§XwñWmZmV {~«{Q>em§Mm A§_b gwê$ Pmbm Voìhm `m XoemVrb ~hþVoH$ àm§Vm§Vrb g_mO Añn¥í`, Añn¥í` Am{U doJdoJù`m OmVr-O_mVtV {d^mJbm hmoVm. {~«{Q>em§À`m amOdQ>rV nmíMmË` {dMmam§Mo XoemV dmao dmhÿ bmJbo VgVgo nwamoJm_r nwT>mè`m§Zr Añn¥í`Vm{Z_w©bZmgmR>r bT>m gwê$ Ho$bm. _mÌ Xoembm ñdmV§Í` {_imë`mZ§Va Am{U H$m`ÚmZo Añn¥í`VmnmbZmda ~§Xr `oD$Zhr hr àWm {H$Ë`oH$ df} MmbyM am{hbr hmoVr. Añn¥í`m§Zm Ë`mH$mimV ^moJmì`m bmJUmè`m `mVZm§Mr _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimVrb J«m_rU g_mOOrdZmMr AmoiI AgUo Oê$arMo Amho.

_hmamï´>mVrb IoS>oJmdm§V Ë`m nyU© JmdmVrb bmoH$dñVr EH$mM {R>H$mUr AmT>iV Zmhr. H$mhr OU Amnë`m eoVm§da amhV AgVmV, H$mhr {R>H$mUr Xhm~mam Kao EH$Ì AmT>iVmV Am{U Ë`m dñVrbm dmS>r åhQ>bo OmVo. JmdMr _w»` dñVr åhUOo JmdR>mU. H$moH$UMm AndmX gmoS>bm Va JmdR>mU Am{U dmS>çm AemàH$maMr dñVr ~hþVoH$ {R>H$mUr gmnS>Vo. `m JmdR>mUm^modVr Mmoam-XamoS>oImoam§nmgyZ g§ajUmgmR>r VQ>~§Xr Ho$br Agm`Mr, `m VQ>~§Xrbm JmdHw$gy åhQ>bo Om`Mo. JmdR>mUmV åhUOo `m JmdHw$gmÀ`m AmV g_mOmÀ`m C? dUm©À`m åhUOo ñn¥í` OmVrÀ`m bmoH$m§Mr Kao Agm`Mr. JmdHw$gmÀ`m ~mhoa ImbÀ`m OmVrÀ`m, Añn¥í` OmVr§À`m bmoH$m§Mr dñVr Agm`Mr. `m Añn¥í` g_mOmV _hma, _m§J Am{U Mm§^ma `m OmVtMm g_mdoe Agm`Mm. _hmamï´>mÀ`m OdiOdi gd©M ^mJm§V Añn¥í` g_mOmV _hma OmVrÀ`m bmoH$m§Mr g§»`m gdm©{YH$ AmT>iVo.

JmdHw$gmÀ`m AmVrb daÀ`m OmVr§À`m Am{U JmdHw$gm~mhoaÀ`m ~{hîH¥$V, ImbÀ`m OmVr§À`m g_mOOrdZmMo Xe©Z KS>dUmar H$mhr nwñVHo$ {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwédmVrg Am{U Ë`mZ§Va à{gÜX Pmbr hmoVr. {~«{Q>e A_XmZrÀ`m H$mimV ñn¥í`m§Mo Am{U Añn¥í`m§Mo nañnag§~§Y, ~bwVoXmar Am{U JmdHw$gm~mhoa OJUmè`m bmoH$m§Mr VËH$mbrZ OrdZe¡br `m~Ôb {dídmgmh© _mZVm `oB©b Aer _m{hVr hr nwñVHo$ nwadVmV. Ë`mH$mimVrb g_mOOrdZmMm Aä`mg H$aUmè`m g§emoYH$m§À`mÑï>rZo hr nwñVHo$ AË`§V _wë`dmZ AmhoV. {̧~H$ Zmam`U AmÌo `m§Zr {b{hbobo 'JmdJmS>m' Am{U 1915 gmbr à{gÜX Pmbobo ho Ë`mn¡H$s EH$ AË`§V _hÎdmMo nwñVH$ Amho.1 {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwê$dmVrVrb Aìdb B§J«Or A§_XmZrÀ`m H$mimVrb npíM_ _hmamï´>mVrb J«m_rU OrdZmMr ho nwñVH$ AmoiI H$ê$Z XoVo. aoìh AboŠPm§S>a am°~Q>©gZ `m§Mo 1938 gmbr à{gÜX Pmbobo 'Xr _hma \$moëH$ - A ñQ>S>r Am°\$ AZQ>Mo~ëg BZ _hmamï´>' `m nwñVH$mVyZ Ah_XZJa, am`JS> (Hw$bm~m ho AmYrMo Zmd) {Oëho Am{U ZmJnya `m n[agamVrb _hmam§Mo JmdJmS>çmVrb ñWmZ Am{U Ë`m§Mr OrdZe¡br `m{df`r _m{hVr {_iVo.2 (`m nwñVH$mMr _amR>r Amd¥Îmrhr AmVm CnbãY Amho. 3 ) Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimVrb åhUOo 1950À`m Xaå`mZ _hmamï´>mVrb Jm_rU g_mOOrdZmMr _m{hVr H$ê$Z XoUmao {d. _. Xm§S>oH$a Am{U _. ^m OJVmn `m§Zr {b{hbobo '_hmamï´>mMr J«m_rU g_mOaMZm' ho AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmMo nwñVH$ Amho. nwÊ`mÀ`m JmoIbo AW©emó g§emoYZ g§ñWoZo _hmamï´>mV 1951-52 gmbr gd}jU Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë`m gd}jUmVyZ hmVr Ambobr _m{hVr `m nwñVH$mV g§H$brV Ho$br Amho.4 ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimVhr Añn¥í`m§Zm Hw$R>ë`m hmbAnoï>m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJV hmoVo `mMo {MÌU 1970 Z§Va à{gÜX Pmboë`m AZoH$ X{bV boIH$m§À`m AmË_H$WZm§VyZ ñnï> Pmbo Amho.

JmdHw$gm~mhoaÀ`m _hmam§À`m dñVrbm _hmadmS>m Am{U _m§JmÀ`m dñVrbm _m§JdmS>m åhUV AgV. _moJbmB©Vrb d¡Omnya Am{U J§Jmnya VmbwŠ`mVrb _hmadmS>çmbm 'amOdmS>m' AgoM g§~moYbo OmVo. `oWrb AZoH$ Jmdm§Vrb _hma bmoH$ e§^a dfmªnyduM {¼ñVr Pmbo Agbo Var EH${dgmì`m eVH$mV AmOhr Ë`m§Mr dñVr amOdmS>m qH$dm _hmadmS>m åhUyZM AmoiIbr OmVo. Y_mªVam_wio Ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ pñWVrV \$magm ~Xb Pmbm Zmhr `mMoM ho g§~moYZ EH$ ÚmoVH$ Amho.

ImZXoe, _amR>dmS>m dJ¡ao n[agam§V JmdHw$gmMo ~m§YH$m_ XJS>mMo qH$dm ^|S>mMo åhUOo nm§T>è`m _mVrÀ`m H$ÀÀ`m {dQ>m§Mo Agm`Mo. JmdHw$gmÀ`m ~mhoa nS>Ê`mÀ`m dmQ>oda XadmOm Agm`Mm. nyduÀ`m H$mir doerMo ho XadmOo gy`m©ñVmnmgyZ gy`m}X`mn`ªV ~§X Ho$bo OmV AgV Am{U àË`oH$ doerda amIUrgmR>r dogH$a åhUyZ EH$ _hma ~gV Ago.

Á`m Jmdmbm ZXrAmoT>çmgma»`m dmhË`m àdmhmMo nmUr {nÊ`mgmR>r dmnabo OmB© Aem {R>H$mUr Añn¥í`m§Mr dñVr nmÊ`mÀ`m àdmhmÀ`m ImbÀ`m ~mOyZo Ago. AemàH$mao daÀ`m OmVrMo bmoH$ ZXrMo nmUr àdmhmÀ`m daÀ`m ~mOyg ^aV Am{U ImbÀ`m OmVrMo, Añn¥í` bmoH$ àdmhmÀ`m ImbÀ`m ~mOyg nmUr ^aV. Ë`m_wio Añn¥í`m§À`m ñnem©Zo {dQ>mi Pmbobo nmUr dmnaÊ`mMm YmoH$m {Z_m©U hmoV Zgo.

ZXrda qH$dm AmoT>çm§da gm_m{OH$ CVa§S>rZwgma doJdoJù`m {R>H$mUr {d{eï> OmVtMo nmUdQ>o AgV. àdmhmÀ`m daÀ`m ~mOybm gd©àW_ g_mOmÀ`m gdm©V loð> Aem ~«m÷U OmVrMo nmUdR>o, Agm`Mo, Ë`mZ§Va ImbÀ`m OmVtMo åhUOo _amR>m, _mir dJ¡ao ñn¥í` OmVtMo nmUdR>o Agm`Mo. ñn¥í`m§À`m nmUdR>çmImbr Añn¥í`m§Mo nmUdR>o gwê$ hmoV. Ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ ñVam§Zwgma åhUOo AmYr am_moer d Mm§^ma, Ë`mZ§Va T>moa, Ë`mÀ`mImbr _hma, _hmam§À`m Imbr _m§Jm§Mo nmUdR>o AgV. gdmªÀ`m eodQ>r Imbr ^§Jr OmVrMm nmUdR>m Ago.

_mÌ {dQ>mi Pmbobo Ë`m ZXrAmoT>çm§Mo nmUr Ë`mZ§Vahr dmhVM amhm`Mo Am{U Xwgè`m Jmdm§V VoM nmUr C? dUmªMo bmoH$ n{hë`m§Xm dmnaV AgV. dmhË`m nmÊ`mbm {dQ>mi ZgVmo Aer EH$ åhU _amR>rV Amho, Vr ~hþYm `m H$maUm_wioM Aem _`m©{XV AWm©Zo ê$T> Pmbr Agmdr.

H$mhr Jmdm§V gmd©O{ZH$ AmS> qH$dm {dhrarVrb nmUr dmnabo OmB©. _mÌ _hma, _m§J, Mm§^ma, T>moa, am_moer Am{U H¡$H$mS>rgma»`m ImbÀ`m OmVrÀ`m bmoH$m§Zm `m VWmH${WV gmd©O{ZH$ {d{harda nmUr ^aÊ`mMr nadmZJr ZìhVr. Ë`m§À`mgmR>r doJio {dhra qH$dm AmS> Agm`Mo. _mÌ _hmam§À`m {d{harda _m§Jm§Zm nmUr ^aVm `oV Zgo. _mÂ`m AmOmoimV åhUOo KmoJaJmdmV 'amOdmS>çmV' åhUOo _hmadmS>çmV ñdV§Ì {dhra hmoVr, ho _bm ñnï> AmR>dVo. amOdmS>çmVrb `m {dhrarbm JmdmVrb ñn¥í`m§À`m {d{harnojm df©^a A{YH$ _w~bH$ nmUr Agm`Mo Ago _mPr AmB© AOyZ gm§JV AgVo.

Á`m Añn¥í` OmVtZm ñdV:Mr {dhra Zgo Ë`mbmoH$m§Zm _J BVam§À`m _ohoa~mZrda Adb§~yZ amhmdo bmJo. gmd©O{ZH$ {dhrarda VmgZVmg C^o amhÿZ H$moUrVar Ë`m§Zm nmUr dmTy>Z XoB©b `mMr Ë`m§Zm dmQ> nmhmdo bmJo. nmUr ß`m`Mo Agbo Var Ë`m§Zr Imbr dmHy$Z hmVmMr Am|Oi Ho$ë`mZ§Va ñn¥í` bmoH$ bm§~yZ dê$Z nmUr AmoVV AgV.

Añn¥í`m§Zm gmd©O{ZH$ nmUdQ>o Iwbr H$aÊ`mV `mdr `m _mJUrgmR>r S>m° ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr H$moH$UmVrb _hmS> `oWo 1927 gmbr bT>m Ho$bm. VoWrb MdXma Vù`mMo nmUr Añn¥í`m§Zr MmIbo. _mÌ Var gmd©O{ZH$ nmUdQ>o Añn¥í`m§Zm Iwbo hmoÊ`mgmR>r AmUIr {H$VrVar XeH$m§Mm H$mbmdYr Omdm bmJbm. 'Añn¥í` O_mVr gmd©O{ZH$ {d{harda nmUr ^ê$ bmJë`mMo EH$hr CXmhaU Amåhr nmhUr Ho$boë`m 72 Jmdm§V {_imbo Zmhr' Ago {d. _. Xm§S>oH$a Am{U _. ^m. OJVmn `m§Zr 1957 gmbr à{gÜX Pmboë`m Amnë`m nwñVH$mV {b{hbo Amho. g_mOgodH$ S>m° ~m~m AmT>md `m§Zr Añn¥í`Vm àWoMo {Z_©byZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r 1970À`m XeH$mV 'EH$ Jmd, EH$ nmUdR>m' `moOZm am~dÊ`mgmR>r _hmamï´>mV Midi am~dbr hmoVr. 'EH$ Jmd, EH$ nmUdR>m' `mM {ef©H$mÀ`m nwñVH$mV S>m° AmT>mdm§Zr OmVrg§~§YmVrb Amnbo AZw^d gm§{JVbo AmhoV.5

h„r J«m_rU ^mJm§V gJirH$S>oM JmdR>mU, JmdHw$gy Am{U dog `m Jmoï>r B{VhmgO_m Pmë`m AmhoV. _mÌ `m OwÝ`m ~m§YH$m_m§Mr nS>PS> Pmbobr Agbr Var Ë`m§À`mer {ZJS>rV g_mOaMZoV Am{U g_mOmÀ`m _mZ{gH$VoV \$magm ~Xb Pmbobm Zmhr. AÑí` ñdénmV `oWo AmOhr JmdHw$gmÀ`m AmV Am{U JmdHw$gm~mhoa OJUmar XmoZ doJdoJio OJ AmT>iVmV.

g§X^©:

1) qÌ~H$ Zmam`U AmÌo, 'Jmd-JmS>m' ; àH$meH$: h. A. ^mdo, daXm ~wŠg, 397/1, goZmnVr ~mnQ> _mJ©, nwUo 411 016 ({Vgar Amd¥Îmr, nwZ_w©ÐU 1995)

2) AboŠPm§S>a am°~Q>©gZ, 'Xr _hma \$moëH$ - A ñQ>S>r Am°\$ AZQ>Mo~ëg BZ _hmamï´>' Xr [a{b{OAg bmB©\$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m'; àH$meH$: dm` E_ gr E.npãbqeJ hmD$g, 5, agob ñQ´>rQ>, H$mobH$mVm, håào {_b\$moS>©, Am°Šg\$moS>© `w{Zìh{g©Q>r àog (1938); Xwgè`m Amd¥VrMo àH$meH$ S>m°. AemoH$ Jm`H$dmS>, H$m¡eë` àH$meZ, EZ-11, gr-3/24/3, hS>H$mo, Am¡a§Jm~mX, 431 003 (2005)

3) AboŠPm§S>a am°~Q>©gZ, '_hma bmoH$- _hmamï´>mVrb Añn¥í`m§Mm Aä`mg (^maVmMo Ym{_©H$ OrdZ), AZwdmXH$: {^jw grd{b~moYr Am{U ñ_aU X{hdbo; àH$meH$: Xo. am. nJmao, gwJV àH$meZ, 780, d¡embrZJa, ZmJnya- 17, ({ÛVr`md¥Îmr 1991)

4) {d. _. Xm§S>oH$a Am{U _. ^m OJVmn, '_hmamï´>mMr J«m_rU g_mOaMZm', àH$meH$: Y. am. JmS>Jri, JmoIbo AW©emó g§emoYZ g§ñWm (àH$meZ nmMdo), nwUo- 411 004 (1957); (nmZ 10)

5) S>m° ~m~m AmT>md, 'EH$ Jmd, EH$ nmUdR>m',

Christians in Mughalai (Marathwada) region

JmdHw$gm~mhoaMm {¼ñVr g_mO

H$m{_b nmaIo

àH$meH$: gwJmdm àH$meZ

1) _moJbmB©Vrb {¼ñVr ' amOdmS>m '

KmoJaJmdbm Amåhmbm Om`Mo Agbo {H$ AmXë`m {Xder Am_Mo _m_m ~¡bJmS>r KoD$Z lram_nyabm `oV AgV. KamVrb Amåhm H$mhr _wbm§Zm _J ~¡bJmS>rMr g¡a KS>V Ago. nhmQ>oM ñd`§nmH$ H$ê$Z ~mB© EH$m H$mnS>çmV ^mH$ar Am{U ~Q>mQ>çmMr ^mOr ~m§YyZ KoB©. ~amo~aÀ`m {nVirÀ`m H$S>rÀ`m Vm§ã`mV nmUr Ago. Xwnmar ~mamÀ`m gw_mamg WmoS>o\$ma nmUr Agboë`m JmoXmdarÀ`m nmÌmV Am_Mr ~¡bJmS>r CVabr {H$ Am_Mm àdmg H$mhr H$mi Wm§~o.

{edam__m_m JmS>rMo ~¡b gmoSy>Z Ë`m§Zm ZXrMo nmUr XmIdyZ AmUë`mZ§Va Ë`m§À`mg_moa H$S>~m Q>mH$s. 'J§Jm Amobm§S>br åhÝOo Ambmo AmnwZ AmVm _moJbmB©V, AmËVm H$m` {Zå_mM nadmg !' Ago åhUV ~mB© Amnë`m _mhoaÀ`m {XeoZo ZOa Q>mH$s. J§JoÀ`m C§M Vramda C^o am{hbo {H$ KmoJaJmdÀ`m {¼ñVamOm _§{XamMo C§M {eIa R>iH$nUo {XgVo Ago Vr Amåhmbm Zoho_r gm§JVo. gH$mi, Xwnmar Am{U g§Ü`mµH$mir àmW©ZogmR>r `m XodimMr K§Q>m dmOVo Voìhm Vmo AmdmO `oWn`ªV EoHy$ `oVmo hohr AZoH$Xm _r {VÀ`m Vm|Sy>Z EoH$V Ambmo Amho. _mÌ Z{XÀ`m H$mR>mda C§Mmda C^m amhÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$ê$Zhr _bm H$Yr Ë`m XodimMo Zm {eIa {Xgbo Zm Xwnmar ~mambm Ë`m K§Q>oMm AmdmO EoHy$ Ambm.

OodU Pmbo {H$ _J _m_m ZXrÀ`m dmhË`m àdmhmOdiÀ`m dmiyV ~marH$ IÈ>m V`ma H$ar. H$mhr jUmVM Ë`m IS>S>çmV nmUr da `oD$ bmJo. Vo nmUr EH$Xm {ZVi Pmbo {H$ _J AmoOirZo Amåhr Vo nmUr {nV Agy. _J nwÝhm Am_Mm ~¡bJmS>rZo àdmg gwê$ hmoB©. naVrMm doY bmJë`mZo ~¡b AmnUhÿZ H$go Xm¡S>V OmVmV, `mMm Ë`mdoir AZw^d `oB©.

JmoXmdarÀ`m EH$m {Vamda npíM_ _hmamï´>mVrb Ah_XZJa {OëømMr gr_maofm Va Xwgè`m {Vamda _amR>dmS>çmVrb Am¡a§Jm~mX {OëømMr gr_maofm Amho. Ah_XZJa {OëømÀ`m _wR>odmS>Jmd `oWyZ JmoXmdar Amobm§Sy>Z ^m_mQ>mU JmdmV àdoe Ho$bm {H$ _moJbmB© gwê$ hmoVo. ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV _amR>dmS>m àXoe h¡Xam~mXÀ`m {ZOm_mÀ`m Vmã`mV hmoVm. hm àXoe _moJbmB©Mm n[aga åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmB©.

JmoXmdarÀ`m àdmhmZo `m XmoZ n[agam§Mr {d^mJUr Ho$br Amho. {ZgJm©À`m `m {d^mJUrZo EH$_oH$m§g AJXr IoQy>Z Agboë`m `m VmbwŠ`m§Mm gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOH$s`, Eo{Vhm{gH$ Am{U e¡j{UH$ dmagmhr nyU©V: {^Þ am{hbm Amho. {ZOm_emhrV d¡Omnya, J§Jmnya VmbwHo$ _amR>dmS>çmÀ`m BVa ^mJm§à_mUo Xwb©{jV am{hbo Am{U Ë`m§Mr hr nadS> _hmamï´>mÀ`m ñWmnZoZ§Vahr MmbyM am{hbr Amho. `mCbQ> npíM_ _hmamï´>mVrb lram_nya, H$monaJmd VmbwŠ`mbm ghH$mar MidirMo, ObqgMZmÀ`m Omù`mMo Am{U VmH$XdmZ amO{H$` MidirMo Am{U ZoV¥ËdmMo daXmZ bm^bo. JmoXmdarÀ`m {Vam§da C^o am{hbo åhUOo àJV npíM_ _hmamï´>mMo Am{U AmOhr _mJmg am{hboë`m _amR>dmS>çmMo `m gd©M joÌm§Vrb doJionU àH$fm©Zo OmUdVo.

JmoXmdarÀ`m àdmhmZo EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ {d^mJboë`m Ah_XZJa {OëømÀ`m lram_nya, amhþar, g§J_Zoa Am{U amhmVm `m VmbwŠ`m§V Am{U Am¡a§Jm~mX {OëømÀ`m d¡Omnya Am{U J§Jmnya VmbwŠ`m§V gìdmeo dfmªnydu åhUOo {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m AIoarg g_m§Va[aË`m {¼ñVr Y_m©§VamMr à{H$`m gwê$ Pmbr hmoVr. Ah_XZJa {OëømV O_©Z, Am°pñQ´>`Z Am{U ñdrg `oeyg§Kr` (OogwB©Q>) `m H°$Wmo{bH$ Y_©Jwê$§À`m g§ñWoMo gXñ` H$m_ H$aV hmoVo Va åhUOo _moJbmB© n[agamV {_eZarO Am°\$ g|Q> \«$mpÝgg S>r goëg (E_EgE\$Eg) `m Xwgè`m H°$Wmo{bH$ Y_©Jwê$§À`m g§ñWoMo \$mXabmoH$ H$m_ H$aV hmoVo.

n{hë`m _hm`wÜXmV 1915 gmbr {~«{Q>em§Zr Ah_XZJa {OëømV H$m_ H$aUmè`m O_©Z ZmJ[aH$ Agboë`m `oeyg§Kr` \$mXam§Mr qhXwñWmZmVyZ hH$mbnÅ>r Ho$br Voìhm _moJbmB©Vrb \«|$M ZmJarH$ Agbobo E_EgE\$Eg Y_©Jwê$ `oeyg§{K`m§À`m _XVrg YmdyZ Ambo. `m {OëømVrb amhmVm Am{U gmoZJmd Y_©J«m_m§V `oeyg§Kr` Y_©Jwê$§À`m AZwnpñWVrV 1921 n`ªV KmoJaJmdMo \$mXa Jw[a`Z Om{H$`a `m§Zr {eS>uOdirb amhmVm `oWo Am{U _amR>dmS>çmVrb Ë`m§Mo EH$ ghH$mar \$mXa Om°Z _oar ~oO} `m§Zr amhþarOdirb H|$Xi `oWo Y_©àgmamMo H$m`© Mmby R>odbo.1 `m _hm`wÜXmV \«$mÝg ho B§½b§S>Mo {_Ìamï´> Agë`mZo OÝ_mZo µ\«o$§M Agboë`m Y_©Jwê$§da {~«{Q>em§Zr Hw$R>bohr {Z~ªY bmXbo ZìhVo..

gZ 1973À`m gw_mamg _m_o~{hUrÀ`m b¾m{Z{_Îm gmVdrbm {eH$V AgVmZm _r KmoJaJmdbm Jobmo Voìhm _bm 'amOdmS>m', 'dog' 'MmdS>r' Am{U '_hma' `m eãXm§Mr n{hë`m§Xm AmoiI Pmbr. dog Zgboë`m Am{U AR>amnJS> OmVrY_m©Mo bmoH$ Zì`mZoM CX`mg Amboë`m Am_ì`m lram_nwa ehamV amhV Agë`mZo VoWo _bm `m eãXm§Mr AmoiI AgUo eŠ`M ZìhVo. KmoJaJmdmV {¼ñVamOmÀ`m XodimnmgyZ H$mhr A§Vamda Agboë`m OmJoV _mÂ`m AmOmo~m§Zr, JmoqdXamd {eZJa|Zr, ^|S>çm§Mo nm§T>è`m _mVrV ~m§Ybobo MmanmM Imoë`m§Mo Ka hmoVo. VoWoM Ë`mdoir em§ËdZ_m_m, {edam__m_m amhV hmoVo. Amgnmg AerM nm§T>è`m _mVrZo ~m§Ybobr AZoH$ Kao hmoVr. hr gd© Kao Agboë`m n[agambm 'amOdmS>m' Ago åhUV AgV. _mPo MwbV_m_m AmoT>çmÀ`m n{bH$S>o Agboë`m eoVmVrb PmonS>r§V amhV AgV. eoVmda Joë`mda A_wH$ OU Hw$R>o Jobm Aer {dMmaUm Pmbr {H$ Vmo 'amOdmS>çmda Agob' Ago CÎma H$mZmda Ambo {H$ _r ~wMH$i`mV nS>V Ago. 'Mm§Xmo~m' _m{gH$mV Am{U BVa Jmoï>r§À`m nwñVH$m§V amOoamOdmS>çm§À`m H$Wm dmMë`m_wio BWo 'amOdmS>m' hm H$m` àH$ma Amho ho H$iV Zgo. `m{df`r _r ~mB©bm {dMmabo Voìhm {VZo {Xboë`m CÎmam_wio Iwbmgm hmoÊ`mEodOr _mÂ`m _ZmVrb Jm|YimV A{YH$M ^a nS>br.

''Ama§ amOdmS>m åhÝOr åhmam§Mr dñVr, åhmadmS>m eãX ~am {XgV Zmhr åhZyZ amOdmS>m Ag§M åhÝË`mV,'' Ago {VMo CÎma hmoVo.

''AJ§ nZ ~mB©, AmnwZ åhma H$eo? AmnwZ Va {I[añVr Zm?'' _mÂ`m `m àíZmbm _mÂ`m {Zaja AmB©H$S>o CÎma ZìhVo. "AmËVm ~mB©, H$m` gm§Jmdm `m ßdmambm?'' Ago AM§ã`mZo Vm|S>mbm nXa bmdV åhUV Vr {~Mmar Jßn ~gbr hmoVr.

`m 'amOdmS>çmÀ`m' bmJyZM AJXr nS>PS>rbm Ambobr EH$ dog hmoVr. ~hþYm `m doern{bH$S>oM OwÝ`m H$mimV Jmd Am{U VoWo C?d{U©`m§Mr dñVr Agmdr. `m JmdmV Vã~b Mmirg df} am{hbobo Am{U `oWoM Xoh R>odbobo \$mXa Om{H$`a~m~m Amnë`m KmoS>mJmS>rV ~gyZ dm KmoS>çmda ñdma hmoD$Z Zoho_rMr `o-Om H$aV AgUma. `wamo{n`Z Agë`mZo qhXw g_mOmVrb Ccca?d{U©`m§à_mUoM Ë`m§Zmhr doerImbyZ KmoS>çmda ~gyZ `oÊ`mOmÊ`mMm _mZ Ë`m§Zm hmoVm. doerÀ`m AmVë`m ~mOybm amOdmS>çmbmbmJyZM Voìhmhr _O~yV pñWVrV Agbobr EH$ MmdS>r hmoVr. amOdmS>çmVM hr MmdS>r Agë`mZo amOdmS>çmV amhUmè`m bmoH$m§MrM Vr hmoVr. amOdmS>çmVrb AZoH$ nwê$f_§S>ir VoWo ~gV Agë`mMo Am{U _rhr VoWo Joë`mMo _bm ñnï> AmR>dVo.

_hmamï´>mV OwÝ`m H$mimV àË`oH$ JmdmV ñn¥í`m§gmR>r Am{U Añn¥í`m§gmR>r Aem XmoZ ñdV§Ì MmdS>çm AgV. gdUm©À`m MmdS>rbm JmdMmdS>r Am{U Añn¥í`m§À`m MmdS>rbm _hma MmdS>r åhUV AgV. Jmd MmdS>rV ~gyZ ñn¥í` _§S>ir, nmQ>rb, VbmR>r Am{U JmdH$sMo H$m_ H$aUmao _hma am_moer ~gyZ JmdMm gm_m{OH$ Am{U emgH$s` H$ma^ma nmhV AgV Va _hma MmdS>rV ~gyZ _hma _§S>ir Amnë`m OmVrMm H$ma^ma nmhV AgV. Aem `m XmoZ MmdS>çm§{edm` Jmdm§V BVa g_mOmÀ`m, OmVrÀ`m ñdV§Ì MmdS>çm ZgV Ago S>m°. e§H$aamd IamVm§Zr {b{hbo Amho.2 A{bµH$S>À`m H$mimV Jmd MmdS>rMo ê$nm§Va g_mO_§{XamV Pmbo Am{U H$mhr {R>H$mUr ~m¡ÜX Y_© ñdrH$maboë`m bmoH$m§Zr _hma MmdS>rMo ~wÜX_§Xra qH$dm ~wÜX{dhma Ago Zm_H$aU Ho$ë`mMo {XgVo. _hma g_mO ~hþg§»`oZo {¼ñVr Y_m©V Joboë`m Jmdm§V AWm©VM `m _hma MmdS>çm§Mr H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV Añn¥í`VoÀ`m Mmbr[aVrà_mUoM nS>PS> Pmbr.

lram_nwa ehamV {edm{edrMm àË`j AZw^d KoVë`mMo _bm AmR>dV Zmhr. Á`m Kam§V gmodù`mAmodù`mMr àWm Ago Ë`mVyZ Ë`m KamVrb BVa ì`º$s¨Mrhr gwQ>H$m Zgm`Mr, Ë`m_wio `m àH$mam~m~V Hw$Ur \$mago _Zmbm bmdyZ KoV ZgV. Xa {Xdmirbm Am_À`m Kar eoOmaÀ`m _mir_amR>m Hw$Qw>§~m§Mr \$amimMr VmQ>o `oV, B©Xbm _wgb_mZ eoOmè`m§Mm era-Hw$a_m `oB© Am{U ZmVmimbm Am_À`mH$Sy>Z \$amimMr VmQ>o Ë`m gJù`m§H$S>o OmV. Am_À`m KamVyZ AmirVrb BVa H$mhr Kam§V AmR>dS>çmVyZ XmoZ-{VZXmVar H$mbdUm§Mr, ^mOr§Mr XodmUKodmU hmoV Ago. a{ddmar Am_À`mH$S>o h_Img demQ>mMo OodU Agë`mZo Ë`m{Xder `m XodmUKodmUrda ñW{JVr Agm`Mr. Ë`m_wio Amnë`m hmVM§ H$mhr bmoH$m§Zm MmbV Zmhr Am{U Vo H$m MmbV Zmhr ho _bm Iyn H$mi H$imboM Zmhr. `m àíZm§Mr CÎmao emoYÊ`mMr {ZH$S>hr Ë`mdoir ^mgbr Zmhr.

_mÂ`m _m_m§~amo~a KmoJaJmdmVrb dm Z{OH$À`m IoS>çm§Vrb H$mhr _mUgo lram_nwamV H$m_m{Z{_Îm Amë`mg Am_À`mhr Kar `oV AgV. Ë`m§À`mgmR>r nmÊ`mMm Vm§ã`m AmUbm {H$ Ë`m§À`mVrb H$mhr OU nmUr {nV ZgV. Ë`mZ§Va Ambobm Mhm KoÊ`mMohr Q>miV AgV. _mPo dS>rbnU bJoM Ë`m§Zm 'g_OyZ' KoD$Z MhmnmÊ`mMm AmJ«h H$aV ZgV. ''~mhoê$Z nadmg H$ê$Z Amboë`m nmìhÝ`mZo nmÝ`mbm, Àhmbm Zmhr åhÝb§ Va CJmM AmJah H$am`Mm ZñVmo. AmnwZ C_OyZ ¿`md§ {H$ hr _mÝg§ _amR>§ AgVrb. Ë`mÝZm Amßë`m hmVM§ MmbV ZñV§,"" Aer ~mB©Mr _J AmVë`m ImobrVbr EH$ g„mdOm {Q>nÊUr Agm`Mr.

AmOmoiÀ`m Ë`m dmñVì`mV _bm n{hë`m§XmM X{bV g_mOmVyZ {¼ñVr Pmboë`m g_mOmÀ`m A§Va§JmMr Am{U gm_m{OH$ nmíd©^y_rMr nwgQ>er OmUrd Pmbr. AmOmoiMr Vr daÀ`m OmVtVrb _mUgo KamV Ambr {H$ Ë`m§Mr dmJUyH$ Amåhm Y_m©§V[aV {¼ñVr g_mOmbm Am_Mr Iar AmoiI Am{U g_mOmVrb Am_Mr OmJm XmIdyZ XoV Ago. Xa a{ddmar XodimV AmnU b°Q>rZ ^mfoV {_ñgm Am{U àmW©Zm H$aV Agbmo Var AmnU H$mhr `wamo{n`Z Zmhr Am{U AmnU g_OVmo {VVH$m Amnbm {¼ñVr g_mO 'nwT>o Jobobm' Zmhr `mMr OmUrdhr Voìhm _bm n{hë`m§Xm Pmbr.

g§X^©:

1) \$mXa \«$mpÝgg _m°Oo (E_EgE\$Eg), eo\$S>©g \$m°a ¼mB©ñQ>- A ñQ>moar Am°\$ X H°$Wmo{bH$ MM© BZ g|Q´>b B§{S>`m- (1907-1960); Am`Am`Eg npãbHo$eÝg, B§{S>`Z BpñQ>Q>çwQ> Am°\$ pñn[aÀ`wA[a{bQ>r, 80, âbrQ> ñQ´>rQ>, amOmOrZJa, ~|Jbmoa, 560 010 (1990) (nmZ 75); Am{U ^m. A. nbKS>_b, 'g§J_Zoa Y_©J«m_mbm 75 df} nyU© hmoVmV', ' {Zamoß`m' _m{gH$ , Am°JñQ> 1967, (nmZ 114)

2) S>m°. e§H$aamd IamV, '_hmamï´>mVrb _hmam§Mm B{Vhmg - OmVrMr CËnÎmr d {dH$mgmMm B{Vhmg,' `ed§Vamd MìhmU g_mOemó g§emoYZ H|$Ð Am{U ^maVr {dÚmnrR> nwUo, B§Ðm`Ur gm{hË`, 273, e{Zdma noR>, nwUo 411 030 (2003); (nmZ 57 Am{U 58)

(nyd©à{gÜXr-'gwJmdm' _m{gH$, OyZ 2007) 

Pune Pimpri Chinchwad Cemeteries - too small, too few, too far

Cemeteries - too small, too few, too far

 Sakal Times

CAMIL PARKHE

The number of cemeteries for the Christian community in Pune and Pimpri Chinchwad have remained the same although the population of Christians in the city has increased during the past few decades. This has posed a problem for the members of the community who are forced to travel long distances to bury their dear ones.

Dapodi is the only burial ground available to the sizable Christian community in Pimpri Chinchwad and Khadki.

The other burial grounds are located at Hadapsar, Yerawada, and near the Holkar Bridge. Farther away, there is one more Christian cemetery in the jurisdiction of the Dehu Road Cantonment Board.

There is another cemetery – the War Cemetery in Khadki, but no fresh burials are allowed here. It was created to bury the remains of mostly Allied army combatants killed during the second World War and is more of a memorial.

All the cemeteries in Pune and Pimpri Chinchwad, barring the City Church cemetery at Nanapeth, are open to all Christians - Catholics as well as Protestants.

The burial grounds in Dapodi and Hadapsar have been existing since the British days and today these lands are owned by the civic bodies. These cemeteries are managed by committees having representatives of various Christian sects.

The permission for burial at the various cemeteries is given only on presentation of the death certificate issued by civic bodies and a letter from the representative of the church to which the deceased person belonged.

Due to the space crunch, the practice of selling land for construction of a tomb over the grave has been discontinued at all the cemeteries.

Encroachments on the periphery of burial grounds is another problem faced by almost all cemeteries as there are no resident care takers at these sites.

The area of the Dapodi cemetery shrunk a couple of years back when a portion of the graveyard was acquired for the widening of the Pune-Mumbai highway.

Fr Clement Raj, parish priest of St Ignatius Church in Khadki, said that Dapodi cemetery had also lost some land due to encroachments.

Unlike all other cemeteries, the City Church cemetery is used to bury only those belonging to the City Church parish and also Goans belonging to any parish in the city.

Explaining this peculiarity, City Church parish priets Fr Joe D’Souza said that the City Church, built in 1852, is the oldest church in the city and it also happens to be the only church in Maharashtra which came under the jurisdiction of the Goa diocese.

The cemetery was the property of the City Church and its parishioners were all Goans and therefore, for over a century, only Goans were buried there. In the recent past, this custom had created a conflict among the Goan and non-Goan parishioners of the church and therefore the cemetery was thrown open to all those belonging to this church.

Fr D’Souza said that due to the shrinking space at the burial ground, the church no longer permits permanent graves at the cemetery.

“The problem has become so acute that we do not allow anyone to build a permanent tomb even if the person is willing to offer Rs 50,000,” said the parish priest.

For the past few years, the City Church cemetery has been forced to follow the practice of using graves that are more than three years old for fresh burials. However, some very old tombs continue to exist in the cemetery. “It is difficult for the Church administration to seek removal of these very old graves as it is a sensitive issue,” said Fr D’Souza.

A Christian cemetery on an acre of land near Vadgaonsheri, given by the Pune Municipal Corporation, was dedicated by the Bishop of Pune on November 2, All Souls Day. The land on the banks of the Mula-Mutha was earmarked for cemetery for the past many years but no burials had taken place there due to some pending disputes, said Joe Kasbe, a local Christian leader.

Church welcomes cremation too

-Fr Joe Abraham, Chancellor of Pune diocese, said that the Catholic Church has no objection to people preferring cremation to burial as this solves the problem of space at the cemetery.

- There is no theological issue involved in this, Fr Abraham said, adding that “after cremation, the remains of the departed persons can be kept in niches on the compound walls of the cemetery.”

- Fr Abraham informed that at least three Catholics were cremated in Pune during the past decade. “The custom of cremation has been accepted more by Catholics in Mumbai,” he added.