Fr Jacquier starts Borsar mission in Aurangabad district

KmoJaJmdMo \$mXa Om{H$`a~m~m

(Am¡a§Jm~mX {OëømVrb {¼ñVr {_eZ H$m`© - B g.1892 nmgyZ)

H$m{_b nmaIo gwJmdm àH$meZ

9) ~moaga {_eZ H|$ÐmMr C^maUr

\$mXa Om{H$`a 1896 _Ü`o KmoJaJmdmV Amë`mnmgyZ `m {_eZH$m`m©Mm ì`mn Am{U H$m`©joÌ ^anya dmT>bo hmoVo. AmgnmgÀ`m EHy$U 65 Jmdm§Mm `m {_eZñWmZmV g_mdoe hmoVm. KmoJaJmdmV ñWm{`H$ AgUmè`m Y_©Jwé§Zm `m XyadaÀ`m JmdmVrb bmoH$m§er {Z`{_V g§nH©$ R>odUo eŠ` ZìhVo. Ë`m_wio KmoJaJmd {_eZ H|$ÐmMo {d^mOZ H$ê$Z H$mhr Jmdm§gmR>r EH$ Zdo {_eZ H|$Ð CKS>Ê`mMm {ZU©` {~en \$mpÝgg pñQ>\$Z H$m°nob `m§Zr KoVbm. KmoJaJmdmnmgyZ 35 {H$bmo_rQ>a A§Vamda Agbobo ~moaga Jmd ho `m Zì`m {_eZñWimMo H|$Ð AgUma hmoVo.

KmoJaJmd {_eZÀ`m hÔrVrb 65 Jmdm§n¡H$s 18 Jmdo Zì`m ~moaga {_eZH|ÐmH$S>o di{dÊ`mV Ambr. `m Zì`m {_eZHo$§ÐmMr O~m~Xmar AZw^dr \$mXa Om{H$`a `m§À`mH$S>o gmon{dÊ`mV Ambr. OwÝ`m {_eZmVrb AmR> H°$Q>o{H$ñQ>m§Mrhr Zì`m {_eZ H|$ÐmV ~Xbr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. KmoJaJmdMo à_wI Y_©Jwê$ åhUyZ \$mXa ~oO} `m§Mr Zo_UyH$ Pmbr. \$mXa Á`mo \$Zmª{S>g ho Ë`m§Mo ghm`H$ Y_©Jwê$ hmoVo. KmoJaJmd {_eZ H|$ÐmH$S>o AmVm 47 Jmdm§Mm H$m`©^ma hmoVm. VoWrb XmoZ Y_©Jwê§$À`m _XVrbm 24 H°$Q>o{H$ñQ> _mñVam§Mm Vm\$m hmoVm.

Zì`m {_eZmMr C^maUr H$aÊ`mg {gÕ Pmboë`m \$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Zr Amnë`m OyZ 1910 À`m amoO{ZerV {b{hbo Amho : ""KmoJaJmd {_eZ hÔrVrb gd© Jmdm§Zm ^oQ>r {Xë`mZ§Va 4 _o bm _r KmoJaJmd gmoS>bo. \$mXa Apë~Zmo ZmJnyabm Jobo Agë`m_wio Am¡a§Jm~mX `oWo VrZ {Xdg _r Ë`m§Mm H$m`©^ma gm§^mibm Am{U 9 _o À`m gH$mir ~moaga `oWo nmohmoMbmo. AmXë`m {XderÀ`m g§Ü`mH$mir N>namgmR>r qPH$ nÌo Am{U BVa gm_mZ KoD$Z XmoZ ~¡bJmS>çm ~moagabm nmohmoMë`m hmoË`m. Ë`mM ~¡bJmS>çmVyZ EH$ H°$Q>o{H$ñQ> Am{U _mPm OwZm AmMmar Amnbr ñd`§nmH$mMr ^m§S>r KoD$Z VoWo Ambo hmoVo. H$m°\$sMm EH$ H$n {nD$Z Amåhr gd© OU _J EH$ _¡b A§Vamda Agboë`m EH$m Q>oH$S>rda Jobmo. Ë`m C§M Q>oH$S>rdê$Z Amåhmbm Am¡a§Jm~mX Am{U H$ÝZS> eham§À`m {XeoVrb OdiOdi drg _¡bm§À`m nR>mamMo AË`§V {dh§J_ Xe©Z KS>bo. `oeyÀ`m n{dÌ öX`mbm hr ^y_r An©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r _r JwS>Ko Q>oH$bo Am{U M~b¡g `oWo {_eZH$m`m©gmR>r AmJ_Z Ho$boë`m g§V \$mpÝgg S>r goëg `m§À`m nmdbmda nmD$b Q>mHy$Z `m Y_©àm§VmÀ`m XyVm§H$S>o àmW©Zm Ho$br.

~moaga `oWo _r gÜ`m amhÊ`mgmR>r EH$ Imobr Am{U ñd`§nmH$mMr Imobr Agbobr _mVrÀ`m q^VrMo EH$ PmonS>rdOm Ka ~m§YVmo Amho. Iao nm{hbo Va `oWrb _hmam§À`m Ñï>rZo ho Ka åhUOo dmñVwemñÌmVrb EH$ ZdbM Amho. `m KamÀ`m q^Vr gmV \y$Q> C§M Am{U 14 \y$Q> é§XrÀ`m AmhoV. q^Vrda qPH$ nÍ`mMo N>V Amho.""

Ë`mZ§Va H$mhr H$mimZ§Va \$mXam§Zr Amnë`m aomO{ZerV {b{hbo hmoVo. ""_mPo `oWrb AmJ_Z g¡VmZmbm AmdS>bobo {XgV Zmhr. ~moaga JmdmVrb 400 _hmam§n¡H$s 150 {¼íMZ AmhoV. nU Am_À`m{df`r `m {¼íMZm§À`m ^mdZm AË`§V H$Qw> AmhoV, Ë`m§Mr Am_À`m~amo~arMr dmJUyH$hr Mm§Jbr Zmhr. `m g_mOmV OmVrì`dñWo_wio {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m AS>MUr Am{U {¼ñVr Y_m©À`m Z¡{VH$ dV©Zmg§~§YrÀ`m {Z`_m§_wio Ë`m§À`m _ZmV MrS> {Z_m©U hmoVo. `oWrb _wbm§Zm {¼ñVr Y_©{df`H$ {eH$dUgwÕm MwH$sÀ`m nÕVrZo {Xbr OmV Amho. Ë`m{edm` b½ZmMo H$m`Xoera d` hmoÊ`mÀ`m AmYrM ~hþVoH$ b½Z hmoV AgVmV. _mÌ, XodmÀ`m H¥$noZo `m bmoH$m§Zm {¼ñVr OrdZnÕVrMr gd` bmJob Aer Am_Mr Amem Amho.""

~moagabm Amë`mZ§Va gwê$dmVrÀ`m `m H$Qy> AZw^dmZ§Va bdH$aM \$mXa Om{H$`a Zì`m OmJr éibo. Ë`m§À`m{df`rMm ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§Mm Ñ{ï>H$moZhr hiyhiy ~Xbbm. \$mXam§À`m ào{fVH$m`m©g ho bmoH$ à{VgmX XoD$ bmJbo. 30 {S>go§~a 1910 amoOr \$mXam§Zr Amnë`m amoO{ZerV {b{hbo hmoVo: ""_mPm n{hbm ZmVmigU ~moaga `oWo AJXr AmZ§XmV nma nS>bm. Joë`m VrZ _{hÝ`m§À`m H$mimV `m {_eZ H|$ÐmV _r 311 OUm§Zm ~mpßVñ_m {Xbm Amho. ZmVmimÀ`m gUmÀ`m {Xder 125 OUm§Zr H$å`w{Z`Z ñdrH$mabo, Va 40 OUm§Zr ~m{áñ_m KoVbm. Joë`m dfu OoWo \$º$ XmoZOUm§Zr H$å`w{Z`Z KoVbo hmoVo Ë`mM ~moaga JmdmV `mdoir 40 OUm§Zr H$å`w{Z`Z ñdrH$mabo. Ë`m{edm` _r `oWo AmR> b½Zo bmdbr AmhoV.""

1913 Am{U 1914 `m H$mimV \$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Zr ~moaga Am{U KmoJaJmd `m XmoÝhrhr {_eZ H|$Ðm§H$S>o bj {Xbo. {ZYrÀ`m A^mdr KmoJaJmdÀ`m XodimMo H$m_ aIS>bo hmoVo. _mÌ ~moaga `oWo \$ma ^ard ñdê$nmMo `moJXmZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r \$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Zm nwaogm doi {_imbm Zmhr. `m Zì`m {_eZ H|$ÐmMm nm`m _O~yV H$aÊ`mMo H$m`©, VoWo XoD$i ~m§YÊ`mMo àmW{_H$ H$m_ Ë`mdoir ZwH$VrM Jwé{Xjm Pmboë`m \$mXa Omogo\$ nmO `m§Zr Ho$bo. `mMo H$maU åhUOo `mXaå`mZ n{hbo _hm`wÕ gwê$ Pmë`mZo _amR>dmS>çmÀ`m eoOmarb Ah_XZJa {OëømVrb O_©Z `oeyg§Kr`m§da g§H$Q> H$mogibo. `m O_©Z Y_©Jwê§$Zm {~«{Q>em§Zr Vwé§JmV S>m§~ë`mZo Ah_XZJa {OëømVrb Zì`mZoM ñWmnZ Pmbobr {_eZ H|$Ðo Mmb{dÊ`mgmR>r E_EgE\$Eg g§ñWoÀ`m \$mXam§Mr _XV _mJÊ`mV Ambr. ZmJnyaÀ`m {~enm§Zr 1995 À`m gßQ>|~amV \$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Mr ~moaga `oWyZ amhmVm `oWo ~Xbr H$obr. KmoJaJmdMo Y_©Jwê$ Om°Z _oar ~oO} `m§Mr H|$Xi `oWo ~Xbr Pmbr. KmoJaJmd `oWo Ë`mdoir ghm`H$ Y_©Jwê$ Agboë`m \$mXa {gñH$V \$m{O`mZmo `m§À`mH$S>oM Ë`m Y_©J«m_mMr O~m~Xmar gmon{dÊ`mV Ambr. `mM YVuda ~moagaMo ghm`H$ Y_©Jwê$ Agboë`m \$mXa nmO `m§Zr VoWrb H$m`©^ma hmVr KoVbm.

\$mXa nmO `m§Zr ~moagabm \$mXam§Mo {ZdmgñWmZ Am{U M°nob ~m§Ybo Am{U Zì`m ^ì` XodimMohr ~m§YH$m_ gwê$ Ho$bo. KmoJaJmdÀ`m C§M {¼ñVamOm _§{Xamà_mUoM `m XodimMohr ~m§YH$m_ AZoH$ df} Mmbbo.Amnë`m \w$agVrÀ`m doimV `m XodimV C^maÊ`mgmR>r \$mXa nmO Ë`m§Zr ñdV:M nwVio H$moabo. Ë`mH$mimV ~m§YH$m_mgmR>r dmnaë`m OmUmè`m MwÝ`mMo ãbm°Šg V`ma H$ê$Z, Ë`mda MmHy$Zo H$moê$Z Ë`m§Zr ho nwVio KS>{dbo. ZmJnyaMo {~en H$m°nob Am{U E_EgE\$Eg g§ñWoMo à§mVm{YH$mar \$mXa AZ}ñQ> WoìhZoQ> `m§Zr ~moagabm ^oQ>r {Xë`m. Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m Amnë`m {bImUmV {~enm§Zr \$mXa nmO `m§À`m {eënH$boÀ`m H$m¡eë`mMo H$m¡VwH$ Ho$bo. OÝ_mZo \|$M Agboë`m \$mXa nmO `m§Mo _amR>rda Mm§Jbo à^wËd hmoVo. gZ 1919 À`m Am°ŠQ>mo~amV \$mXam§Mr O~bnyabm ~Xbr Pmbr Am{U \$mXa {_Mob \$m°aob ho ~moagabm Ambo. O~bnyabm Joë`mZ§Va H$mhr _{hÝ`mVM åhUOo 22 _o 1920 bm \$mXa nmO `m hmS>mÀ`m {_eZarMo An|{S>ŠgÀ`m {dH$mamZo d`mÀ`m Ho$di 31 ì`m dfu {ZYZ Pmbo.

~moagabm éOy Pmbobo \$mXa \$m°aob `m§Zr Amnë`m XoemMr godm H$aÊ`mgmR>r n{hë`m _hm`wÕmÀ`m H$mimV \|$M g¡Ý`mV H$m_ Ho$bo hmoVo. _hm`wÕ gwê$ Pmbo Voìhm OJmVrb gd© gj_ \|$M ZmJ[aH$m§Zr g¡Ý`mV ^aVr ìhmdo, Agm \$mÝg gaH$maZo \$Vdm H$mT>bm hmoVm. `m AmdmhZmg hmoH$ma qH$dm ZH$ma XoÊ`mMm {ZU©` qhXwñWmZmVrb {~enm§Zr Amnmnë`m hÔrVrb Y_©Jwê$§da gmondbm hmoVm. `m AmdmhZmg à{VgmX XoD$Z E_EgE\$Eg g§ñWoMo qhXwñWmZmVrb H$mhr \|$M Y_©Jwê$ Amnë`m _m`XoemÀ`m g¡Ý`mV XmIbhr Pmbo hmoVo. `m Y_©Jwê$§Zm Amnbr H$m_o H$éZ JaO nS>ob Voìhm g¡Ý`mV Y_©Jwê$nXmÀ`mhr O~m~Xmar gm§^mimdr bmJV Ago.

 ~moaga `oWo \$mXa nmO `m§Zr 1818 gmbr ~m§Yboë`m XodimMm _O~yV nm`m aMbm hmoVm. `m nm`mda XoD$i C^o H$aÊ`mgmR>r \$mXa \$m°aob `m§À`mH$S>o {ZYr ZìhVm. XodimMo ho ~m§YH$m_ Ë`m_wio AmUIr H$mhr df} a|Jmibo. `m aIS>boë`m ~m§YH$m_mgmR>r ~¡OmnyaÀ`m VhgrbXmamMr Zì`mZo nadmZJr KoÊ`mgmR>r Z§Va \$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Zr \$mXa \$m°aob `m§Zm _XV Ho$br. \$mXa \$m°aob `m§Zr 1924 À`m Owb¡V XodimMo ~m§YH$m_ Zì`m CËgmhmZo hmVr KoVbo Am{U AZoH$ AS>rAS>MUtZm Vm|S> XoV XoD$i C^o Ho$bo. ~moagaMo ho XoD$i {~en H$m°nob `m§Zr 19 _mM© 1926 amoOr Amerdm©{XV Ho$bo. Ë`mZ§Va EH$ dfm©V KmoJaJmdÀ`m {¼ñVamOm _§{Xamghr Amerdm©X XoÊ`mV Ambm. àH¥$VrÀ`m H$maUm_wio \$mÝgbm Jobobo \$mXa Om{H$`a _mÌ `m XmoÝhrhr g_ma§^mg CnpñWV ZìhVo.

Fr Gurien Jacquier starts Lohegaon, Bidkin parishes

KmoJaJmdMo \$mXa Om{H$`a~m~m

(Am¡a§Jm~mX {OëømVrb {¼ñVr {_eZ H$m`© - B g.1892 nmgyZ)

H$m{_b nmaIo

gwJmdm àH$meZ

8) nrH$ ’$ma, H$m‘Jma H$‘r - bmohJmd-{~S>H$sZ Y‘©J«m‘

Ë`mH$mimV ‘amR>dmS>çmV Amnë`m Jmdr {‘eZH$m`© gwê$ H$amdo Aer {dZ§Vr AZoH$ Jmdm§Vrb bmoH$ H$aV hmoVo. ’$mXa Om{H$`a ‘amR>dmS>m {‘eZ{d^mJmMo à‘wI hmoVo. ‘mÌ nrH$ ’$ma Am{U H$m‘H$ar H$‘r Aer pñWVr hmoVr. Zoho‘rà‘mUo n¡emMrhr MUMU hmoVrM.

KmoJaJmdmnmgyZ 40 {H$bmo‘rQ>a Xya Agboë`m bmohJmd `oWo {‘eZH$m`© gwê$ H$amdo Aer VoWrb bmoH$m§Zr AZoH$Xm ‘mJUr H$obr hmoVr. bmohJmd `oWrb Jm{~«Eb ZmdmÀ`m EH$ Vê$UmZo Ah‘XZJa {OëømVrb {‘eZmÀ`m emioV {ejU KoD$Z ~m{áñ‘mhr KoVbm hmoVm. Z§Va Jm{~«oEbZo bmohJmdÀ`m BVa bmoH$m§gh Am¡a§Jm~mXÀ`m {‘{bQ>ar M°ßboZ Agbobo ’$mXa Omogo’$ ao‘§S> `m§Mr ^oQ> KoD$Z Amnë`m JmdmV ào{fV H$m`© gwê$ H$aÊ`mMr ‘mJUr Ho$br. Ë`mdoir Am¡a§Jm~mX {OëømÀ`m Xm¡è`mda Agbobo {~en nobìhQ> `moJm`moJmZo Ë`mdoir VoWoM hmoVo. bmohJmdmV Ë`mdoir ‘hma g‘mOmÀ`m 118 àm¡T> ì`º$s Am{U 30 ‘wbo hmoVr. bmohJmdÀ`m bmoH$m§Mr Vr {dZ§Vr EoHy$Z {~enm§Zm AmZ§XM dmQ>bm. bmohJmdmV 1899 À`m gwê$dmVrg AmnU {‘eZH$m`© gwê$ H$ê$ Ago AmídmgZhr Ë`m§Zr bmoH$m§Zm {Xbo.

‘amR>dmS>çmVrb {‘eZà‘wI Agboë`m ’$mXa Om{H$`a `m§À`m~amo~a {~enm§Zr `m~m~V MMm© Ho$br. ’$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Zr ‘mÌ bmohJmdmV ào{fV H$m`© gwê$ H$aÊ`mg {damoYM Xe©{dbm. KmoJaJmd {‘eZHo$§Ðm§Vrb doJdoJù`m IoS>çm§Vrb bmoH$m§‘Ü`o EH$Q>çmZo ào{fV H$m`© H$aVmZm ^anya X‘N>mH$ hmoV AgVm§Zm Xyada Agboë`m bmohJmdmV H$er gwdmVm© gm§JUma Agm Ë`m§Mm gdmb hmoVm. {~en nbìhoQ> `m§Zr 'brg {‘eÝg H°$Wmo{bŠg' À`m {S>go§~a 1898 À`m A§H$mV bmohJmd g§X^m©Vrb noMàg§Jm{df`r {b{hbo Amho.

{~enm§Zr {b{hbo Amho H$s ‘mPo åhUUo EoH$ë`mZ§Va ’$mXa Om{H$`a ‘bm åhUmbo, ""‘m` bm°S>©, KmoJaJmdmnmgyZ Vã~b 40 {H$bmo‘rQ>a Xya Agboë`m {R>H$mUr {‘eZHo$§Ð CKS>Ê`mMm Vwåhr H$m {dMma H$aVm AmhmV? KmoJaJmdmnmer Odi Agboë`m {H$VrVar JmdÀ`m bmoH$m§Zrhr AemàH$maÀ`m {dZ§Ë`m `mAmYr AZoH$Xm H$oë`m AmhoV Am{U VoWohr {_eZ H|$Ð gwê$ H$aUo Amnë`mbm eŠ` Pmbobo Zmhr. Amåhm Y‘©Jwê$§À`m ‘m{gH$ ‘mZY‘mMr a¸$‘ dmT>{dÊ`mEodOr {ZYrÀ`m Q>§MmB©‘wio Vwåhr Vr H$‘r Ho$br Amho. Aem n[apñWVrV AmUIr EH$ Zdo {‘eZH|$Ð CKS>Uo H$go eŠ` Amho? ‘mÂ`m H°$Q>o{H$ñQ> à{ejU H|$ÐmMr {ZYrÀ`m A^mdr ’$ma dmB©Q> AdñWm Pmbr Amho. H°$Q>o{H$ñQ> hmoD$ B[ÀN>Umè`m ~mam Vê$Um§Zm ‘r àË`oH$s Ho$di XmoZ ê$n`m§Mo OodU XoD$ eH$Vmo. H°$Q>o{H$ñQ> à{ejUmWvMr g§»`m drgn`ªV ZoÊ`mMr ‘mPr BÀN>m Amho. na§Vw {ZYrÀ`m AS>MUr‘wio ‘bm Vo eŠ` Zmhr.""

OdiÀ`m IoS>çm§Vrb H$m‘mMo ì`mn dmTë`m‘wio Xyada Agboë`m bmohJmdbm {‘eZH$m`© gwê$ H$aUo ’$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Zm eŠ` Pmbo Zmhr. `m~m~VrV Á`m§Zr {deof ag KoVbm hmoVm Ë`m§Mo åhUOo {~en nbìhoQ> `m§Mo 1990 À`m ‘o ‘{hÝ`mV {ZYZ Pmbo. ‘mÌ bmohJmdÀ`m J«m{~EbZo 1990 _Ü`o nwÝhm EH$Xm Am¡a§Jm~mXMo {‘{bQ>ar M°ßboZ ’$mXa ao‘§S> `m§Mr ^oQ> KoD$Z bmohJmdmV {‘eZH$m`© gwê$ H$aÊ`mMr {dZ§Vr Ho$br. ’$mXa ao‘§S> `m§Mo bmohJmdmV `m bmoH$m§Zr O§Jr ñdmJV Ho$bo. VoWrb bmoH$m§Zm àmW©Zm Am{U H°$Q>o{H$P‘ {eH${dë`mZ§Va ’$mXam§Zr Ë`m§Zm ~m{áñ‘m {Xbm.Am¡a§Jm~mXbm 1905 n`ªV Agon`ªV ’$mXa ao‘§S> bmohJmdMr AmÜ`mpË‘H$ O~m~Xmar gm§^miV hmoVo. Ë`m§À`mZ§VaÀ`m {‘{bQ>ar M°ßboZZr ‘mÌ bmohJmdmH$S>o Xwb©jM H$obo. ‘mÌ bmohJmdÀ`m Y‘mªV[aV bmoH$m§Zr {¼ñVr Y‘© gmoS>bm Zmhr. ZmVmi, nmñH$mgma»`m gUmgmR>r Vo Am¡a§Jm~mXbm OmV AgV.

’$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Mr ~moagabm ~Xbr Pmë`mZ§Va ’$mXa ~oO} KmoJaJmdbm Ambo. Ë`m§Mo ghm`H$ åhUyZ ’$mXa ’$m{O`mZmo 1914 À`m Zmoìh|~amV KmoJaJmdmbm Ambo.ZmVmimÀ`m gUmgmR>r 24 {S>go§~amV KmoJaJmdbm ~mhoaJmdmVyZ AZoH$ ^m{dH$ Ambo hmoVo. bmohJmdmhyZ Amboë`m Xhm bmoH$m§‘Ü`o EH$m åhmVmarMmhr g‘mdoe hmoVm. ’$mXa ’$m{O`mZmo `m§Zr Ë`m§Mr Mm¡H$er Ho$ë`mda Ë`m bmoH$m§Zr gm§{JVbo H$s ZmVmimÀ`m gUm{Z{_Îm {‘ñgoV gh^mJr hmoÊ`mgmR>r drg H$mog MmbyZ Vo {VWo Ambo hmoVo. Ë`mZ§Va nwT>À`mM ‘{hÝ`mV KmoS>çmda ñdma hmoD$Z ’$mXam§Zr bmohJmdbm ^oQ> {Xbr. VoWo nmM Hw$Qw>§~m§Zr Amnbr {¼ñVr lÜXm H$m`‘ R>odbr hmoVr Ago Ë`m§Zm AmT>ibo. nwT>o ’$mXa ~oO} `m§Mr Ah‘XZJa {OëømV H|$Xi `oWo ~Xbr Pmë`mZ§Va ’$m{O`mZmo `m§À`mH$S>o KmoJaJmdMr gyÌo Ambr. bmohJmd `oWo Ë`m§Zr EH$m H°$Q>o{H$ñQ>Mr Zo‘UyH$ Ho$br Am[U AmOy~mOyÀ`m IoS>çm§V ào{fV H$m`© gwê$ Ho$bo. gZ 1923 bm Am¡a§Jm~mXbm ~Xbr Pmë`mZ§Vahr bmohJmd Ë`m§À`m A{YH$majoÌmV R>odÊ`mV Ambo. bmohJmdbm OmÊ`mgmR>r AmVm Ë`m§Zm Am¡a§Jm~mXhyZ {~S>H$sZn`ªV Mm§Jbm añVm hmoVm. gm`H$bZo àdmg H$ê$Z Vo eoOmaÀ`m Jmdm§Zm ^oQ>r XoV AgV. gZ 1927 bm Ë`m§Zr bmohJmdnmer {~S>H$sZ `oWo gmV EH$a O‘rZ {dH$V KoVbr. nwT>o {~S>H$sZM `m n[agamVrb {‘eZHo$§ÐmMo H|$Ð ~Zbo. n¡R>U VmbwŠ`mVrb `m JmdmV AmO VoWo g|Q> Omogo’$ MM© C^o Amho. {~S>H$sZ `oWo nwAa {gñQ>g© Am°’$ Ada boS>r `m g§ñWoÀ`m {gñQ>am§À`m XdmImÝ`mV J«m‘rU bmoH$m§gmR>r Amamo½`godm {Xë`m OmVmV.

Fr Jacquier's work schedule in Ghogargaon

 KmoJaJmdMo \$mXa Om{H$`a~m~m  (Am¡a§Jm~mX {OëømVrb {¼ñVr {_eZ H$m`© - B g.1892 nmgyZ)

H$m{_b nmaIo 

gwJmdm àH$meZ

7) {‘eZH$m‘mV, IoSw>Vm§‘Ü`o a‘bobo Om{H$`a~m~m

KmoJaJmdmV Añn¥í` ‘hma g‘mOmV ào{fV H$m`© Am{U gm‘m{OH$ à~moYZH$m`© H$aUo {VVH$s gmYrgwYr Jmoï> ZìhVr. eVH$mZweVHo$ Añn¥í` åhUyZ CƒdUu` g‘mOmZo dmirV Q>mH$boë`m ‘hma g‘mOmÀ`m AZoH$ gm‘m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ g‘ñ`m hmoË`m. Amnë`m Jmdm§Vrb CƒdUu`, Am{U {deofV: JmdMo nmQ>rb Am{U gmdH$ma `m§À`mH$Sy>Z Ë`m§Zm AË`§V dmB©Q>, An‘mZmñnX dmJUyH$ {‘iV Ago. g‘mOmV gX¡d hoQ>miUrM dmQ>obm Amboë`m ‘hma bmoH$m§‘Ü`o H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV AZoH$ ~è`m~wè`m àWm ê$Oë`m hmoË`m. ~mb{ddmh, H$mS>r_moS> qH$dm KQ>ñ’$moQ>, b¾m{dZm EH$Ì amhUo Aem àWm Ë`mdoir hmoË`m. Ë`m~Ôb Hw$UmbmM H$mhr J¡a dmQ>V ZìhVo. {¼ñVr Y‘m©À`m VÎdmZwgma bmoH$m§Mo AmMaU Agmdo `mgmR>r `m J«m‘rU ^mJmV `m naXoer {‘eZarg Iyn AmQ>m{nQ>m H$amdm bmJV Ago. Amnë`m `m Zd{¼ñVr g‘mOmÀ`m gm‘m{OH$, Z¡{VH$ Am[U Am{W©H$ pñWVrV gwYmaUm ìhmdr `mgmR>r Ë`m‘wio ’$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Zm AZoH$Xm H$mhr H$Qy YmoaU ñdrH$mamdo bmJV Ago.

Am¡a§Jm~mX {OëømV Ë`mH$mir àMbrV Agboë`m AZoH$ A{Zï> gm‘m{OH$ àWm ~§X H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm Iyn H$ï> H$amdo bmJbo. EImXm ~mb{ddmh hmoUma Amho qH$dm EImXr ì`º$s Amnbr nËZr qH$dm nVr {Od§V AgVmZm Xwgao b¾ H$aUma Amho Ago H$ibo H$s ’$mXa Om{H$`a Amnë`m KmoS>çmda ñdma hmoD$Z {Xdgm qH$dm amÌr Xhm-drg ‘¡b àdmg H$ê$Z Ë`m Jmdr OmD$Z àH$ma Vr àWm amoIV AgV. V‘mem `m bmoH$H$boVrb Aíbrb àH$ma Am{U `m bmoH$H$boÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ V‘mgJra órH$bmH$mam§Mo hmoUmao b¢{JH$ emofU `m~Ôb ’$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Zm àM§S> MrS> hmoVr. KmoJaJmd n§MH«$moerV AJXr a§JmV Ambobo V‘memMo à`moJ Ë`m§Zr AZoH$Xm ~§X nmS>bo hmoVo. ~mb{ddmh, Xwgao b¾ `mgmaIo àH$ma EH$Q>çmXwH$Q>çmZo amoIUo {VVHo$ ghO ZìhVo. ‘mÌ `wamo{n`Z Agë`mZo ’$mXam§Mm EH$ àH$maMm dMH$ Ago Am{U Ë`m§Zm {damoY H$aÊ`mMr Hw$Um EH$m ì`º$sg qH$dm AJXr O‘mdmghr qh‘V hmoV Zgo. H$m`ÚmH$mZyZMr ‘m{hVr Agë`mZo àg§Jr gaH$maXa~mar OmD$Z Ago A{Zï> àH$ma Vo amoIV AgV. Ë`m‘wio AZoH$Xm Ë`m§Zm Amnë`mM bmoH$m§Mm amofhr AmoT>dyZ ¿`mdm bmJV Ago. Ë`m_wio 1900 gmbr Amnë`m amoO{ZerV EH$Xm ’$mXam§Zr {bhrbo hmoVo : ''‘bm bmoH$m§Zr Iam~ gmho~ åhUOo H$S>H$, ^`§H$a Ago Zmd {Xbo Amho. ‘mÂ`m `m à{V‘oer gmOogo dV©Z H$aÊ`mMm ‘r A{YH$m{YH$ à`ËZ H$aVmo Amho.''

’$mXa Om{H$`a ñd^mdmZo {H$Vrhr H$S>H$ Agbo Var {‘eZH|$ÐmVrb Amnë`m bmoH§${df`r Ë`m§Zm ‘m`m, ào‘ hmoVo. {H$VrVar eVHo$ Añn¥í` åhUyZ hoQ>mië`m Joboë`m, Jmdm~mhoa hmH$bboë`m, Xodim§V àdoe ZmH$maboë`m ‘hma bmoH$m§Zm n{hë`m§XmM EH$ ì`ŠVr ‘mPo bmoH$ åhUyZ ñdrH$maV hmoVr. Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m JwUm§-AdJwUm§gh ñdrH$maV hmoVr. IoS>çmnmS>çm§‘Ü`o `m bmoH$m§‘Ü`o dmdaVmZm ’$mXa Om{H$`a AJXr Ë`m§À`mn¡H$s EH$ hmoV, Ë`m§À`mgmaIr OrdZe¡br OJV. KmoJaJmd {‘eZHo$§ÐmVrb AZoH$ JmdÀ`m ‘hma bmoH$m§Zm `mMoM ’$ma ‘moR>o Aàyn dmQ>V hmoVo.

KmoJaJmdÀ`m n§MH«$moerVrb AS>mUr, Jmd§T>i Zd{¼ñVr bmoH$m§‘Ü`o H$m‘ H$aV AgVm§Zm `wamo{n`Z g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m ’$mXa Om{H$`a `m§À`m ghZeº$sMm AZoH$Xm A§V Pmbm AgUma. ‘mÌ {‘eZar d¥ÎmrZo H$m‘ H$aVm§Zm Ë`m§Zr Ë`m bmoH$m§Zm gm§^miyZ KoVbo. ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§Zrhr Ë`m§Mm {eñV{à` ñd^md, bmoH$m§À`m AS>MUrÀ`m doir ‘XV H$aÊ`m{df`rMr Agbobr Vi‘i g‘OmdyZ KobVr Am{U Ë`m§À`m H$S>H$ ñd^mdmH$S>o, AmH$m§S>Vm§S>dmH$S>o Xwb©j Ho$bo. EH$mM Jmdr Mma XeHo$ H$m‘ H$aÊ`mMr ’$mXam§Zm g§Yr {‘imbr. Aem n[apñWVrV EImÚm ì`º$sMo XwJw©U, ‘`m©Xm A{YH$ AYmoaoIrV hmoD$Z Vr ì`º$s ZmdS>Vr hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. Om{H$`a~m~m§À`m ~m~VrV Ago KS>bo Zmhr, CbQ> Ë`m§À`mer {ZJ{S>V Agboë`m AZoH$ KQ>Zm `m n[agamV AmOhr H$m¡VwH$mZo gm§{JVë`m OmVmV.

’$mXa ‘m[a`mZ Wm°‘g `m§Mr 1897 bm ZmJnyabm ~Xbr Pmë`mZ§Va H$mhr ‘{hÝ`mVM {demImnÅ>U‘bm ZwH$VoM {Xjm{dYr Pmbobo ’$mXa AZ}ñQ> WoìhZoQ> ’$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Mo ghm`H$ åhUyZ KmoJaJmdbm Ambo. {‘eZar H$m‘mV AmdS>rZo ^mJ KoUmè`m ’$mXa AZ}ñQ>Mr àH¥$Vr ‘mÌ IynM ZmOyH$ hmoVr. gVV AmOmar nS>V Agë`m‘wio ’$mXa AZ}ñQ> `m§Zm {‘eZarMr IS>Va OrdZe¡br Ponbr Zmhr. gZ 1898 À`m ‘Ü`m§Vamg Ë`m‘wio Ë`m§Mr ‘Ü` àXoemVrb Im§S>dm `oWo ~Xbr Pmbr. ’$mXa Om{H$`a KmoJaJmdmV nwÝhm EH$Xm EH$Q>oM am{hbo.

Amnë`m `m bmoH$m§{df`r ’$mXam§Zr {b{hbo Amho : ''‘hma bmoH$m§‘Ü`o AZoH$ AdJwU AmhoV. Ë`m§À`mV Zo_Ho$ Hw$R>bo Xmof ZmhrV ho gm§JUo AdKS> Amho. `mn¡H$s J{d©ï> ñd^md Am{U Aàm‘m{UH$nUm ho Xmof A{YH$ R>iH$nUo {XgyZ `oVmV. `m bmoH$m§er ‘m`oZo Am{U Ë`mM~amo~a I§~ranUo dmJmdo bmJVo. Ë`m§À`mH$SyZ EImXo Iyn ‘moR>o XwîH¥$Ë` hmoÊ`mnmgyZ Q>miÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§À`m bhmZghmZ XwJw©Um§H$S>o H$mZmS>moim H$amdm bmJVmo. EImXm Xmof Xya H$aUo eŠ` Zgob Va ‘J Amnë`m VÎdmer ~m§{YbH$r H$m`‘ R>odUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo.''

1902 À`m Owb¡ ‘{hÝ`mV KmoJaJmdmV ‘moR>r Ymdni gwê$ hmoVr. `m{df`r ’$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Zr amoO{ZerV {b{hbo Amho : ''[‘eZ H§$nmD§$S>‘Ü`o ^aJƒ H$m`©H«$‘m§Zr ‘moR>r OmZ Ambr Amho. Joë`m AmR>dS>çmV e§^amhyZ A{YH$ bmoH$m§Zm ‘bm OodU Úmdo bmJbo, `m AmR>dS>çmV 80 bmoH$m§gmR>r OodU ~Zdbo. Ë`m{edm` {‘eZ H§$nmD§$S>‘Ybo H$m‘H$ar bmoH$ Am{U emioVrb ~mo{S>ªJ‘Ybr ‘wbo AmhoVM. gÜ`m `oWo doJdoJù`m H$m_m§V bmoH$ X§J AmhoV. `oWo O‘boë`m bmoH$m§Zm Mma ‘mñVa Y‘©{ejU XoV AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m ‘XVrg H$YrH$Yr H°$Q>o{H$ñQ> emioVrb ‘moR>r ‘wbohr AgVmV. BWë`m emioÀ`m dJm©dJm©§V, ìham§S>çm§V Am{U PmS>m§Imbrhr {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m Am{U àm¡T>m§À`m JQ>mJQ>m§Zm Y‘©{ejU {Xbo OmV Amho. `mn¡H$s H$mhr OU n{hë`m H$å`w{Z`ZMr V`mar H$aV AmhoV, Va H$mhr OU {ddmhnyd© à{ejUmV Y‘©{df`H$ kmZmMr COiUr H$aV AmhoV. Ë`m{edm`, ñd`§nmH$KamVyZ XJS>m§À`m OmË`m§da XiU XiÊ`mMm AmdmO Am{U ñd`§nmH$s ~m`m XiU XiVmZm JmV Agboë`m Amoì`m EoHy$ `oV AmhoV. EHy$U gJù`m n[agamV ~mobÊ`mMm Am{U Jm`ZmMm AmdmO H$mZmda nS>Vmo Amho. `m gd© Jmo§Yimda ‘mV H$aV ‘mñVa bmoH$ Amnë`m H$H©$e AmdmOmV ‘moR>çmZo gyMZm XoV AmhoV. Aem `m g§JrV‘` dmVmdaUmV ‘r ñdV: ho nÌ {b{hV Amho. M°nob‘Ü`o VmbmgwamV àmW©Zm Jm`ë`m OmV AmhoV. {OVH$m OmñV Jm|Yi Am{U JS>~S>, {VVH$m A{YH$ ‘r AmZ§Xr AgVmo. Á`mdoir ^maVr` bmoH$ AmdmO H$aV Zmhr, Ë`mdoir Vo Pmonbo AmhoV Ago Iwemb g‘OyZ ¿`mdo.""

’$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Zr KmoJaJmdÀ`m n[agamV ZdZdr {‘eZH$|Ðo C^mabr. g§V \$m{Ýgg Po{d`aÀ`m gUm{Z{‘Îm åhUOo 3 {S>g|~a 1901 amoOr daIoS> JmdmV Zì`m M°nboMr H$moZ{ebm AmeudmXrV H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`mM ‘{hÝ`mÀ`m AIoarg ZmJnwamhyZ ’$mXa H$m°nob Am{U H$mhr H°$Q>o{H$ñQ> {gñQ>a KmoJaJmd {‘eZH|$ÐmVrb bmoH$m§gh ZmVmi gU gmOam H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ambo hmoVo. ZmVmimÀ`m nyd©g§Ü`obm åhUMo 24 {S>g§o~abm Am{U 25 {S>go§~abm KmoJaJmdmV ‘moR>m H$m`©H«$‘ Pmbm.

`m CËgdm~Ôb ’$mXa Om{H$`aZo Amnë`m amoO{ZerV {b{hbo Amho : ew^dV©‘mZmVrb `oeyOÝ‘mg§~§Yr Agboë`m KQ>Zm§da AmYm[aV EH$ _yH$ZmQ>ç Mm§Jë`m nÜXVrZo gmXa H$aÊ`mV Ambo, XodXyVmMm n{dÌ ‘m[a`obm {Zamon, ~oWoboho‘bm ^oQ>rg `oUmao ‘|T>nmi Am{U ‘mJr amOo, `oeyOÝ‘mZ§Va AZoH$ {ZanamY ~mbH$m§Mr Pmbobr hË`m....H°$Q>o{H$ñQ> {gñQ>am§Zr ‘wH$ZmQ>çmVrb H$bmH$mam§Zm CÎm‘arË`m gO{dbo hmoVo. ZmQ>çmVrb àË`oH$ àg§J Jm`ZmÀ`m, g§dmXm§À`m Am{U ‘mñVam§Zr H$oboë`m {ZdoXZmÀ`m AmYmao àojH$m§Zm g‘OmdyZ gm§{JVbo Jobo. Am‘À`m KamMm bm§~ ìham§S>m H$mnS>m§Zr PmHy$Z ~Zdboë`m VmËnwaË`m àojmJ¥hmV ~gyZ AmgnmgÀ`m IoS>çmnmS>çm§VyZ Amboë`m 500 {¼íMZm§Zr hm H$m`©H«$‘ ‘moR>çm Am¡ËgwŠ`mZo nm{hbm. Ë`mZ§Va M°nob‘Ü`o 'Vo XoD$_' Am{U ‘Ü`amÌrMr ‘moR>r {‘ñgm hmoD$Z ZmVmi gUmMr gm§JVm Pmbr. Ë`mdoir 250 hyZ A{YH$ OUm§Zr n{dÌ H$å`w{Z`Z ñdrH$mabo. Ë`mZ§Va, Xwgè`m {Xder MmaeohyZ A{YH$ bmoH$m§Zm ZmVmi gUm{Z{‘Îm ‘oOdmZr XoÊ`mV Ambr.''

{‘eZarO Am°’$ g|Q> ’«$m{Ýgg S>r goëgZo (E‘EgE’$Eg) ‘amR>dmS>çmV {‘eZH$m`© gwê$ Pmë`mZ§Va KmoJaJmdÀ`m n§MH«$moerVrb bmoH$m§gmR>r Pmbobm ~hþXm hm n{hbmM ‘moR>m H$m`©H«$‘ hmoVm.

Personality of Fr Gurien Jacquier

KmoJaJmdMo \$mXa Om{H$`a~m~m

(Am¡a§Jm~mX {OëømVrb {¼ñVr {_eZ H$m`© - B g.1892 nmgyZ)

H$m{_b nmaIo

gwJmdm àH$meZ

6) Om{H$`a~m~m§Mo ì`{º$‘Îd

’$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Mr {eS>uOdirb amhmVm `oWo H$mhr H$mi ~Xbr Pmbr hmoVr. nwUo Y‘©àm§VmMo Z§Va {ìhH$a OZab Pmbobo ‘mopÝgZmoa ao{OZmëS> JmoÝgmbdrg ho Ë`mH$mimV amhmË`mbm ’$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Mo ghm`H$ hmoVo. JmoÝgmbdrg `m§Zr ’$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Mo ì`{º$‘Îd Am[U Ë`m§Mr H$m`©e¡br `m{df`r {b{hbo Amho. `m ‘hmZ {‘eZarMo {MÌ Ë`m§Zr nwT>rb eãXm§V aoImQ>bo Amho.

°’$mXa Jw[aEZ Om{H$`a ho ^anya C§M Am{U ~iH$Q> hmoVo. Ë`m§Mr XmT>r ’$ma H§$~aon`ªV hmoVr Am{U XmQ> ^wd`m§Imbr ^oXH$ S>moio hmoVo. Hw$R>ë`mhr àH$maMo H$ï> Vo gmogV AgV. H$R>rU n[apñWVrer Vo gm‘Zm H$aV AgV. IS>~S>rV, YwirÀ`m añË`m§dê$Z Amnë`m Q>m§½`mVyZ Vo {XdgmVyZ 30 ‘¡b àdmg H$aV AgV, CKS>çmda Hw$R>ohr PmonV AgV Am{U H$mhr H$moaS>çm MnmË`m Am{U eo§JXmÊ`m§da Vo Amnbr ^yH$ ^mJdV AgV. AemàH$maÀ`m Xm¡è`mda Vo {H$VrVar AmR>dS>o AgV Am{U {‘eZ Ho$§Ðmda naVë`mZ§Vahr Vo AJXr VmOoVdmZo Am{U AJXr V§Xwê$ñV AgV. Ë`m§Mm Agm hm {XZH«$‘ Vã~b nÞmg df} Mmby hmoVm! ’$mXa Om{H$`a AË`§V hwema hmoVo, B©ekmZ Am{U H°$Wmo{bH$ Y‘©{Z`‘m§Mm Ë`m§Mm Xm§S>Jm Aä`mg hmoVm. ^maVmV Amë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zr B§J«Or Am{U ‘amR>r ^mfm§Mm Aä`mg MmbyM R>odbm hmoVm .Amnë`m Q>o~bmnmer noZ, H$mJX, {S>ŠeZar Am{U ì`mH$aUm§Mr nwñVHo$ KoD$Z Vo Aä`mg H$aV. H°$Wmo{bH$ Y‘©{ejUmÀ`m Aä`mgH«$‘mV Am{U ‘amR>r Jm`Zm§À`m nwñVH$m§V gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mV Vo VmgZVmg JH©$ AgV. Vo EH$ AË`§V Cƒ XOm©Mo g§JrVH$ma hmoVo. Amnë`m {‘eZH|$ÐmVrb bmoH$m§À`m VrZ-Mma {nT>çm§Zm Ë`m§Zr gmYrgmonr Jm`Zo Am{U g§JrV{‘ñgm {eH${dbr. Vo EH$ à^mdr dºo$ hmoVo. ‘mÌ Ë`m§Mm AmdmO daÀ`m {Q>nobm nmohmoMbm H$s T>Jm§À`m JS>JS>mQ>mMmM ^mg hmoB©. ~wÕr~i, nÎmo Am{U {~{b`S>©g IoiÊ`mV Vo nma§JV hmoVo. {d{dY joÌm§Vrb Ëæmm§À`m `m H$m¡eë`m§‘wio Ë`m§À`m XJXJrÀ`m OrdZmV AË`§V Amdí`H$ AgUmam {da§Jwim {‘iV Ago. Ë`m§À`m `m H$m¡eë`mMm Ë`m§À`m AmgnmgÀ`m bmoH$m§Zmhr ’$m`Xm hmoV Ago.

Am¡a§Jm~mX {OëømVrb J§Jmnya Am{U d¡Omnya VmbwŠ`m§Vrb AZoH$ IoSy>V ’$mXa Om{H$`aÀ`m ê$nmZo n{hë`m§XmM EImXr `wamo{n`Z ì`ŠVr nmhmV hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m Ë`m XmQ> ^wd`m, C§Monwao VJS>o eara Am{U XwWS>r ^ê$Z dmhUmè`m JmoXmdarÀ`m nmÊ`mgmaIm JO©Umam Ë`m§Mm Vmo AmdmO Hw$UmÀ`mhr N>mVrV YS>H$s {Z‘m©U H$aUmam hmoVm. ñdV:hÿZ Ë`m§À`mH$S>o OmÊ`mMr Hw$UmMrhr qh‘V ZìhVr. ’$mXa Hw$R>ë`mhr dñVrV {eabo H$s {VWë`m Am`m~m`m Amnë`m S>moŠ`mdaÀ`m nXamZo Moham A{YH$M PmHy$Z KoV Am{U bJ~JrZo PmonS>çm§V {eaV. bhmZ ‘wbo~mio Km~ê$Z qH$MmiV, aS>V Xya niV OmV. nmamda nÎ`m§Mm S>md IoiV Agbobr nwê$f‘§S>ir KmB©KmB©Zo nÎmo bn{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aV. ‘mÌ Vmon`ªV Iyn Cera Pmbobm Ago. ’$mXam§À`m ZOaoVyZ Ë`m§Mm nÎ`m§Mm S>md {ZgQ>bobm ZgVmo. Amnë`m bm§~ T>m§H$m Q>mH$V Vo nmamOdi nmohmoMV Am{U nÎ`m§Mr ‘mJUr H$aV. Z§Va {VWë`mM EH$m XJS>mda ~gyZ Vo nÎmo {ngm`bm bmJm`Mo. Vmon`ªV ^rS> Monboë`m Ë`m ‘mUgm§H$Sy>Z Vo Ë`m§À`m nË`m§Mm S>md {eHy$Z KoV Am{U Z§Va Ë`m§ZmM Ë`m§À`m Ë`m S>mdm§V hadm`Mo. Amnë`mbm ‘mhrV Agbobo S>mdhr ’$mXa Ë`m Jmddmë`m§Zm {eH$dV AgV. nÎmo A{YH$ g§»`on`ªV H$go ‘moOm`Mo hohr Vo Ë`m {Zaja IoSy>Vm§Zm {eH$dV.

Ë`mZ§Va dfm©Zwdf} ’$mXa Om{H$`a Ë`m Am{U BVa Jmdm§Zm ^oQ> XoV am{hbo. Amnë`m Ë`m Zoho‘rÀ`m XJS>m§da dm nmam§da ~gyZ VoWrb JmdH$è`m§er Vo nÎmo IoiV, g§dmX gmYV. Vmon`ªV nwîH$i Jmdm§V AZoH$ bmoH$ {¼ñVr Pmbobo Agm`Mo. JmdÀ`m nmQ>rb Am{U BVa qhXy bmoH$m§erhr ’$mXam§Mo Mm§Jbo g§~§Y {Z‘m©U Pmbobo Agm`Mo. nwT>À`m H$mimV ’$mXa Om{H$`a Ambo Va VoWrb Am`m~m`m§Zm Km~ê$Z PmonS>rV {eaÊ`mMr JaO ^mgV Zgo. CbQ> Amnë`m bhmZ½`m ‘wbm§Zm KoD$Z Ë`m ’$mXam§Zm ^oQ>m`bm `m`À`m. Vmon`ªV CVmad`mH$S>o PwH$bobo ’$mXa Om{H$`a AmVm gJù`m§Mo Om{H$`a~m~m ~Zbobo AgV. H$mhr ‘wbo Va Om{H$`a~m~m§À`m H$‘aoda éiUmè`m XmT>rerhr Mmim H$aV. H$mhr XeH$m§nydu `mM bhmZ ‘wbm§Mo AmB©dS>rb Am{U H$Xm{MV AmOr-AmOmo~mgwÕm ’$mXa Om{H$`abm nmhÿZ bm§~ nimbo hmoVo.''

’$mXa {‘Mob \$m°aob `m§Zr Om{H$`a~m~m§{df`r gZ 1909 ‘Ü`o {bhrbo hmoVo. ""Jobr nmM df} ‘mPo Jwê$ ’$mXa Om{H$`a `m§À`m ‘mJ©Xe©ZmImbr ‘r {‘eZH$m‘mMo YS>o KoVmo Amho. `oWrb Am‘Mo gd© {¼ñVr bmoH$ ‘hma `m Añn¥í` OmVrMo AmhoV. Amnë`m OwÝ`m gd`r Q>mHy$Z {¼ñVr Y‘m©à‘mUo dmJUo Ë`m§Zm {VVHo$ gmono OmV Zmhr. H$mhr OUm§Mm AndmX gmoS>bm Va ho ~hþVoH$ gd© bmoH$ hiyhiy {¼ñVr àoaUm Am{U OrdZe¡brMm ñdrH$ma H$aVmV. ’$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Zm Vo Amnë`m {nË`mg‘mZ ‘mZ XoVmV. `oWrb EHy$U 3900 ~m{áñå`m§n¡H$s 3000 ~m{áñ‘o ’$mXa Om{H$`a `m§ZrM Ho$bo AmhoV. `oWrb ‘hmam§Zm ’$mXa Om{H$`a `m§À`m{df`r Iyn ^rVr dmQ>Vo Am{U Ë`mM~amo~a Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m{df`r Iyn ào‘hr Amho. ~mhoarb BVam§er ~mobVm§Zm Vo AmXamZo ’$mXa Om{H$`a `m§À`m ñd^mdm~Ôb, Ë`m§À`m bm§~bMH$ XmT>r~Ôb Am{U Vo amJmV Agë`mda Ë`m§Mo S>moio {H$Vr ^r{VXm`H$ AgV `m~Ôb gm§JV AgVmV. ’$mXa Om{H$`a ñd^mdmZo IynM Mm§Jbo AmhoV Am{U AS>rAS>MUrÀ`m H$mimV Ë`m§À`m nmR>r‘mJo amhUmar Am{U Ë`m§Zm ‘XV H$aUmar Xwgar BVa Hw$R>brhr ì`º$s Zmhr Ago ho bmoH$ AJXr Iwë`m ‘ZmZo gm§JVmV.""

KmoJaJmdÀ`m {¼ñVamOm ‘§{Xa Y_©J«m_mÀ`m 'qMVZ' `m ‘wInÌmÀ`m E{àb 2004 A§H$mV ~miy Jm`H$dmS> `m§Mr hr H${dVm Om{H$`a~m~m§Mo {MÌ S>moù`mnwT>o C^o H$aVo.

H$mir Q>monr bm§~ XmT>r, emo^o Om{H$`a~m~mbm

hmM Iam ‘hmamï´>mV Y‘©Jwê$ n{hbm

d¡Omnya VmbwŠ`mV N>moQ>g§ ho Jmd

Am¡a§Jm~mX Y‘©àm§VmV n{hbo KmoJaJmd

ñ‘emZ^y‘rV amhÿZ ‘mJ© Xmdrbm OZm§Zm

Q>n Q>n KmoS>çm§Mm Q>m§Jm OmB© IoS>çm§da

Ho$bm Y‘m©Mm àMma ào‘ XrZm§da

gË` dmMZ ew^ AmMaU emo^o nm§T>è`m P½`mbm

{ZË` H$ar H«w$g àmW©Zm On‘mi

A{daV H$îQ>m§‘YyZ ~m§{Ybo XoD$i

KUKU K§Q>m dmOo Xmhr {Xem§Zm

hmM Iam ‘hmamï´>mV Y‘©Jwê$ n{hbm

Arrival of Christianity in Nizam's Hyderabad state

KmoJaJmdMo \$mXa Om{H$`a~m~m

(Am¡a§Jm~mX {OëømVrb {¼ñVr {_eZ H$m`© - B g.1892 nmgyZ)

H$m{_b nmaIo

5) h¡Xam~mXÀ`m {ZOm‘ g§ñWmZmV {¼ñVr Y‘m©Mo AmJ‘Z

`oey {¼ñVmMm {eî` Agboë`m g§V Wm°‘g `mZo H$oai amÁ`mV {¼ñVr Y‘m©Mm àgma Ho$bm. Ë`m‘wio {I«ñVr Y‘m©bm ^maVmV XmoZ hOma dfmªMr na§nam Amho. ‘Ü``wJrZ H$mimV nmoVw©JrOm§À`m AmJ‘ZmZ§Va {¼ñVr Y‘© Jmoì`mV Am[U ‘w§~B©Odi dgB© `oWo ê$Obm. g‘«mQ> AH$~amÀ`m Xa~mamVhr `oeyg§Kr` Y‘©Jwê§$Zr hOoar bmdbr hmoVr. ‘mÌ Ë`mH$mimV CÎma [h§XwñWmZmV {¼ñVr Y‘m©Mm àgma Pmbm Zmhr. {~«{Q>e Amnbm A§‘b qhXwñWmZmV àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aV hmoVo Ë`m H$mimV XoemVrb gd©M amOo‘hmamOm§À`m g¡Ý`XimV {¼ñVr A{YH$mar dm g¡{ZH$ h‘Img Agm`Mo. `mn¡H$s H$mhr {~«{Q>e Va BVa OU Ë`mµH$mir nmoVw©JrOm§À`m A_bmImbr Agboë`m Jmoì`mVrb AgV. qhXwñWmZmV B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrMm amÁ`H$ma^ma gwê$ Pmbm, Voìhm H§$nZrÀ`m g¡Ý`XimVhr AZoH$ àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> Am{U H°$Wmo{bH$ A{YH$mar Am{U g¡{ZH$ hmoVo. Ë`m‘wio `m OmJmoOmJÀ`m g¡Ý`XimV {‘{bQ>ar M°ßboZ åhUyZ {¼ñVr Y‘©Jwê§$Mr JaO ^mgy bmJbr. AemàH$mao XoemÀ`m gd© H$mZmH$monè`mVrb H±$ånmV {¼ñVr Y‘©Jwê§$Mo AmJ‘Z Pmbo. Ë`m {R>H$mUr ~m§YÊ`mV Amboë`m M°nob qH$dm MM©À`m ê$nmZo Ë`m {R>H$mUr gd©àW‘ {¼ñVr Y‘m©Mr JwT>r C^maÊ`mV Ambr.

hr {¼ñV‘§{Xao ~m§YÊ`mgmR>r ñWm{ZH$ amÁ`H$Ë`mªZr O‘rZOw‘bm Am[U AW© gmhmæ` CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbo Ago C„oI AmT>iVmV. CXmhaUmW© -nwUo Y‘©J«m‘mVrb gdm©V OwZo {¼ñV ‘§{Xa Agbobo {gQ>r MM© ~m§YÊ`mgmR>r ‘hmXOr {e§Xo `m§Zr 1794 gmbr O‘rZ Am{U {ZYr nwadbm hmoVm.¹

nwÊ`mVrb {gQ>r MM©‘Ü`o Y‘©Jwê$ Agbobo ’$mXa bmonrg S>r H$m°Ýgogmd ho gZ 1812 À`m gw‘mamg Am¡a§Jm~mX `oWo ~m§Yboë`m M°nobbm (Y‘©Jwê§$Mo {ZdmgñWmZ Zgbobo N>moQ>o {¼ñVr XoD$i) ^oQ>r XoV AgV. Am¡a§Jm~mX Am{U OmbZm `oWrb g¡{ZH$s Vim§darb `wamo{n`Z Am{U qhXwñWmZr bîH$ar Am{U ‘wbH$s ì`º$s¨gmR>r Y‘©Jwê$ `m ZmË`mZo Vo Amnbo H$V©ì` nma nmS>V AgV. 1828 ‘Ü`o Jmoì`mÀ`m AmM©{~enm§À`m A{YH$mam§À`m AIË`marV Am¡a§Jm~mX Am{U OmbZm `m eham§gmR>r àË`oH$s EH$m Y‘©Jwê$Mr Zo‘UyH$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr.²

{ZOm‘mÀ`m h¡Xam~mX g§ñWmZmV {gH§$Xam~mX `oWo Wm°‘g {‘S>ëQ>Z `m àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> Y‘©Jwê$Zo 1814 ‘Ü`o MM©Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br. 1834 ‘Ü`o VoWrb g§V Om°Z MM©V’}$ Ë`m g§ñWmZmV g§V Om°Z J«°‘a ñH$yb hr n{hbr emim gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. {hM emim nwT>o h¡Xam~mX ao{gS>oÝgr ñHy$b åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmD$ bmJbr. gZ 1835 ‘Ü`o MM© Am°’$ B§½b§S>Zo {gH§$Xam~mXbm Amnbo g§ñWoMo ñWm{ZH$ ‘w»`mb` C^mabo. Ë`mH$mimV {ZOm‘r g§ñWmZmMmM ^mJ Agboë`m ‘amR>dmS>çmVrb Am¡a§Jm~mX Am{U OmbZm `oWo emIm gwê$ Ho$ë`m.

Aìdb {~«{Q>e Am‘XmZrÀ`m H$mimV h¡Xam~mXÀ`m {ZOm‘r g§ñWmZmV OZVobm CXy© `m àemgH$s` ^mfoÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZM {ejU ¿`mdo bmJV Ago. gZ 1880 nydu `m g§ñWmZmV qhXy g‘mOmbm {ejU XoUmar A{YH¥$V Aer EH$hr emim ZìhVr. {ZOm‘r gaH$mar CXy© emim§V Añn¥í`m§Zmhr àdoe Ago, emioVrb ‘wgb‘mZ {ejH$ Añn¥í`m§À`m ‘wbm§Zm ñn¥í` ‘wbm§À`m ~amo~a ~gdV `mMmhr gdU© nmbH$m§Zm amJ `oV Ago.<sup>3</sup> nU {ejU ¿`m`Mo Agë`mZo ‘wpñb‘ amÁ`H$Ë`mªnwT>o Ë`m§Mm ZmB©bmO hmoVm. nwT>o {¼ñVr {‘eZatZrhr Amnë`m emim§V ñn¥í`m§~amo~a Añn¥í`m§Zmhr àdoe {Xbm, Voìhmhr Cƒd{U©`m§Zm Amnbr ZmamOr bndVm Ambr Zmhr.

gmogm`Q>r ’$m°a Xr àmonoJoeZ Am°’$ Xr Jm°ñnob (EgnrOr) `m {‘eZar§À`m g§ñWoZo OmbZm `oWo H$m`© gwê$ Ho$bo. {‘eZatÀ`m emim§V gd© OmVrY‘m©À`m ‘wbm§Zm {eH$dbo OmV Ago. H°$Wmo{bH$ Am{U àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> {‘eZar§À`m ‘amR>dmS>çmVrb AmJ‘Zm‘wio VoWrb X{bV ‘wbm§Zm àW‘V:M {ejUmMo XadmOo Iwbo Pmbo. gZ 1862 nmgyZ OmbÝ`mV aoìh. Zmam`Uemór eofmÐr `m§Mr Y‘©Jwê$ åhUyZ Zo‘UyH$ Pmbr Am{U `m g§ñWoÀ`m H$m`m©Mm ì`mn dmT>bm. gZ 1868 ‘Ü`o EHy$U 1011 X{bVm§Zr {¼ñVr Y‘m©V àdoe H$obm. `m X{bVm§‘Ü`o ‘m§J, ‘hma Am[U Mm§^ma OmVtÀ`m bmoH$m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm. {‘eZ H$m`m©~amo~aM X{bV g‘mOmÀ`m CÞÎmrgmR>r aoìh. eofmÐr `m§Zr {deof à`ËZ Ho$bo. Ë`m‘wioM B{VhmgH$ma h§Q>a `m§Zr Ë`m§Zm Wmoa g‘mOgwYmaH$ åhUyZ g§~mo{Ybo Amho.

aoìh. Zmam`Uemór eofmX«r `m§Zr {ZOm‘mMo VËH$mbrZ {XdmU ga gmbmaO§J n{hbm `mÀ`mH$S>yZ OmbZm ehamOdi 800 EH$a O‘rZ 25 dfmªgmR>r {dZmnÅ>m {‘i{dbr hmoVr. Ë`m ‘miamZmda Ë`m§Zr ~oWob `m ZmdmZo IoS>o dgdbo. `m OmJobm Z§Va ~oWobdmS>r Ago Zmd {‘imbo. emór~wdm§Zr `oWo Zd{¼ñVr g‘mOmgmR>r dgmhV ~Zdbr. Ë`m§À`m nmUrnwadR>çmgmR>r VoWo ghm {d{har ImoXë`m. EH$ MM© Am{U EH$ ‘erX ~m§Ybr, VgoM ~mOmanoR>oMr Am{U H$m`©emioMrhr C^maUr Ho$br.

eofmÐr `m§Zr Zd{¼ñVr g‘mOmgmR>r EH$m ñdV§Ì IoS>çmMr C^maUr Ho$br hr ‘moR>r H«$m§{VH$maH$ KQ>Zm hmoVr Ago Eb. dm`. Am¡Ma‘b `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho. nma§n[aH$ {df‘VmÝ` g‘mOaMZobm åhUOo {df‘Vobm {Xbobr hr EH$ ‘moR>r MnamH$M hmoVr Ago Ë`m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho. {d^º$ g‘mOaMZoV JmdHw$gm~mhoa Cno{jV amhÊ`mnojm X{bVm§MoM EH$ ñdV§Ì Jmd AgUo `mnojm Xwgar H«$m§Vr H$moUVr Agy eH$Vo ?⁴

gmogm`Q>r ’$m°a Xr àmonoJoeZ Am°’$ Xr Jm°ñnob `m g§ñWoZo nwwT>o Am¡a§Jm~mX‘Ü`o hmobr {Q´>{ZQ>r (n{dÌ EoŠ`) MM© ~m§Ybo. {~«{Q>e bîH$ar A{YH$mè`m§Zr 5,000 ê$n`o Am{U {ZOm‘mZo 5,000 ê$n`o ‘XV {Xë`mZ§Va {~en Jm°b `m§À`m ‘mJ©Xe©ZmImbr ho MM© ~m§YÊ`mV Ambo. Am¡a§Jm~mXÀ`m N>mdUr n[agamV Q>mobZmŠ`mÀ`m ‘mJo ho MM© AmOhr dmnamV Amho.

àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> {‘eZar§Zr `m H$mimV bmoh‘mJm©da AgUmè`m na^Ur, Zm§XoS>, CXJra goby dJ¡ao {R>H$mUr {‘eZH$m`© gwê$ Ho$bo. `m n[agamV Ë`m§Zr Xodio C^mabr, emim Am{U dg{VJ¥ho gwê$ Ho$br. `m emim§V Am{U dg{VJ¥hm§V X{bVm§Zmhr àdoe Agë`mZo àW‘V:M `m Cno{jVm§Zm {‘eZar§À`m ê$nmZo Hw$Ur dmbr {‘imbm. ho {‘eZar àgma H$aV Agboë`m Y‘m©H$S>o Vo AmH$[f©V Pmbo Va Ë`mV Zdb Ago H$mhr ZìhVo.

’$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Mo KmoJaJmdmV AmJ‘Z Pmbo Ë`mAmYrM AemàH$mao {ZOm‘r g§ñWmZmV {¼ñVr Y‘m©Mr nVmH$m ’$S>H${dÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. Ë`mdoir bîH$ar H±$nmV Y‘©Jwê$§Mo H$m‘ g¡{ZH$s VimVrb A{YH$mar Am{U g¡{ZH$m§gmR>r ‘`m©{XV hmoVo. ‘amR>dmS>çmV OmbÝ`mgma»`m H$mhr ^mJm§V AJXr àW‘V:M EVÔoer` Añn¥í` g‘mOmV àmoQ>oñQ>§Q> n§{W`m§Mo ào{fV H$m`© gwê$ Pmbo hmoVo. {ZPm‘ g§ñWmZmVrb ‘amR>dmS>çmV EVÔoer` bmoH$m§‘Ü`o ào{fV H$m`© H$aUmao ’$mXa ‘m[a`Z Wm°‘g Am{U ’$mXa Om{H$`a ho AmÚ H°$Wmo{bH$n§Wr` Y‘©Jwê$ hmoVo.

g§X^© :

1) nwUo H°$Wmo{bH$ S>m`mo{gg S>m`aoŠQ>ar 2006 (nmZ 23)

2) EZ}ñQ> Ama hb (`oeyg§K), '~m°å~o {‘eZ [hñQ>ar {dW A ñnoeb ñQ>S>r Am°’$ Xr nmÐmoS>mo ¹$íMZ(^mJ n[hbm), EŠPm{‘Za àog, ‘oS>moO ñQ´>rQ>, ’$moQ>©, ‘w§~B©, 1927 (nmZ 201)

3) (Am§~oS>H$ar Midi Am{U h¡Xam~mX g§ñWmZmVrb X{bV ‘wº$s g§J«m‘, S>m°. Eb dm` Am¡Ma‘b, gwJmdm àH$meZ, 861/1, gXm{ed noR>, nwUo 411 030, àW‘md¥Îmr, 1997) (nmZ 44)

4) darbà‘mUo, (nmZ 49)

Fr Jacquierbaba's initial years in Ghogargaon

KmoJaJmdMo \$mXa Om{H$`a~m~m

(Am¡a§Jm~mX {OëømVrb {¼ñVr {_eZ H$m`© - B g.1892 nmgyZ)

H$m{_b nmaIo

3) noaUrMm H$mi

’$mXa Om{H$`a KmoJaJmdbm Ambo Voìhm VoWo ’$mXam§Mo N>moQ>ogo Ka hmoVo. emioV {eH${dUmao ghm {ejH$ Am{U ZmWy {eZJmao hm ‘w»` H°$Q>o{H$ñQ> hmoVm. KmoJaJmd {‘eZHo$§ÐmVrb Jmdm§‘Yrb {¼íMZm§Mr g§»`m 210 hmoVr. KmoJaJmdmV 1897 gmbr {dH$V KoVboë`m ‘moR>çm O‘rZrda ~«Xa Omogo’$ `m§Zr {‘eZ ~§Jbm C^m Ho$bm. `m ~§Jë`m‘Ü`o àW‘Xe©Zr [¼ñVamOmMo EH$ N>moQ>ogo ‘§{Xa hmoVo. Ë`m ‘§{Xambm bmJyZM ‘mJo ’$mXam§Mo XmoZ Imoë`m§Mo {ZdmgñWmZ ~m§YÊ`mV Ambo. ’$mXa ~§Jë`mbm bmJyZM Img H°$Q>o{H$ñQ>m§gmR>r emim ~m§YÊ`mV Ambr.

gZ 2005 gmbr KmoJaJmdmbm ‘r ^oQ> {Xbr Voìhm EH$ eVH$nyduMo ho ~m§YH$m‘ Voìhmhr ‘O~yV ñdê$nmV C^o hmoVo. ’$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Mo H$m`m©b` Agbobr Imobr, Ë`m§Mo Q>o~b, IwMr© Am{U BVa ~aoM OwZo ’${Z©Ma Ë`m {‘eZHo$§ÐmÀ`m e§^a dfmªÀ`m B{VhmgmMr gmj XoV hmoVo. KmoJaJmdmV Amë`mZ§Va ’$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Zr {‘eZH$m`m©gmR>r Amnë`m Jwê$Mm åhUOo ’$mXa dmBghm¡ßQ> `m§Mm {H$Îmm {Jadbm. doJdoJù`m Jmdm§V OmD$Z gwdmVm© gm§JUo, ~m{áñ‘m XoUo Am{U Zd{¼ñVr bmoH$m§À`m AÜ`m{Ë‘H$ JaOm ^mJ{dUo EH$ {H$§dm XmoZ Y‘©Jwê§$Zm eŠ` ZìhVo. H$mhr ‘{hÝ`m§Z§Va Y‘©Jwê$ ^oQ>rg Amë`mg Ë`m JmdmVrb ~m{áñ‘m KoVbobo {Zaja bmoH$ Vmon`ªV gd© àmW©Zm {dgê$Z OmV, Va H$mhr OU nwÝhm Amnë`m OwÝ`m Y‘m©V Jobobo AgV. àË`oH$ JmdmV à{e{jV H°$Q>o{H$ñQ> Zo‘bo Va Ago hmoV Zmhr ho ’$mXa dmB©nhm¡ñQ> `m§Zr XmIdyyZ {Xbo hmoVo. ’$mXam§À`m AZwnpñWVrV ñWm{ZH$ JmdH$è`m§Mr {¼ñVr lÜXm {Q>H$dyyZ R>odUo, Ë`m§Zm {¼ñVr lÜXoV dmT>{dUo {h H°$Q>o{H$ñQ>m§Mr à‘wI O~m~Xmar Ago. ’$mXa dmB©ghm¡ßQ> ho V§Ì H$|XiMo ’$mXa ‘mgoo©b {S>gmoPm `m§À`mH$Sy>Z {eH$bo hmoVo. {‘eZar åhUyZ nwT>o nÞmg dfo© H$m‘ H$aVmZm ’$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Zr hmM {H$Îmm {Jadbm.

’$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Zr gwê$ Ho$boë`m H°$Q>o{H$ñQ> à{ejU emioV 12 Vo 17 d`moJQ>mMr ‘wbo AgV. `m Vê$Um§Zm ‘amR>r ^mfoMo ì`mH$aU, J{UV, ^yJmob, B{Vhmg Am{U Y‘©emómMo {ejU {Xbo OmB©. bmoH$m§Zm {¼ñVrY‘© {eH${dUmao H°$Q>o{H$ñQ> ñdV: Mm§Jbo {e{jV Agm`bm nm{hOo `mMr OmUrd ’$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Zm g§J‘ZoaÀ`m dmñVì`mV Pmbr hmoVr. `m Vê$U H°$Q>o{H$ñQ> C‘oXdmam§Zm Ë`m§À`m {ddmhmZ§Va doJdoJù`m IoS>oJmdm§V Zo‘bo OmB©. {‘eZÀ`m VoWrb emim§V {ejH$ Am{U Ë`mMà‘mUo Y‘©{ejH$ åhUyZ VoWo Vo H$m‘ H$aV AgV. Y‘©Jwê$ Ë`m JmdÀ`m ^oQ>rda `oV Ë`mdoir àmW©ZogmR>r Am{U n{dÌ {‘ñgogmR>r gd© {¼ñVr Hw$Qw>§~m§Zm EH$Ì ~mobmdUo, Ë`m§Mr àm`píMV Am{U H$å`w{Z`Z g§ñH$mam§gmR>r nyd©V`mar H$aUo Aer H$m‘o Vo H$aV. Ah‘XZJa Am{U Am¡a§Jm~mX {Oëøm§V {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwê$dmVrg AemàH$mao H°$Q>o{H$ñQ> `m g§ñWoMm àma§^ Pmbm. ZdY‘mªVrb {¼ñVr g‘mOmÀ`m nwT>rb e§^a dfmªÀ`m dmQ>MmbrV {H$VrVar H°$Q>o{H$ñQ> ‘mñVam§Zr Am{U Jwê$OtZr ‘hËdmMo `moJXmZ Ho$bo Amho. `m {Oëøm§Vrb àË`oH$ {‘eZñWmZm§V H°$Q>o{H$ñQ>m§À`m VrZ-Mma {nT>çm§Zr H$m‘ Ho$bo Amho. A{bH$S>À`m H$mimV Zdr {‘eZHo$§Ðo {Z‘m©U Pmbr, ñWm{ZH$ Y‘©Jwê$§Mr g§»`m dmT>br, VgVgo Y‘©Jwê§$Zr H°$Q>o{H$ñQ>m§da Adb§~yZ amhÊ`mMr JaO am{hbr Zmhr. Ë`m‘wio H°$Q>o{H$ñQ> hr g§ñWmM Zï> hmoV Mmbbr Amho.

gZ 1897 Vo 1900 `m H$mimV XwîH$mim‘wioo bmoH$m§Mo Iyn hmb Pmbo. `mM H$mimV ßboJ Am{U H$m°bamÀ`m gmWrhr Mmby hmoË`m. ^wHo$Zo Am{U amoJm§Zr ÌñV Pmboë`m eoH$S>mo bmoH$m§Zm ’$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Zr ‘XV H$obr. ’$mXam§‘wio {H$VrVar bmoH$m§Mo àmU dmMbo. XodXwVmgmaIo ‘XVrgmR>r YmdyZ Amboë`m ’$mXam§Mm Am{U Ë`m§À`m {¼ñVr Y‘m©Mm bmoH$m§da à^md nS>Uo gmh{OH$M hmoVo. Ë`m‘wio KmoJaJmd n[agamVrb AZoH$ JmdÀ`m bmoH$m§Zr `m H$mimV {¼ñVr Y‘m©Mm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm. gZ 1900 ‘Ü`o ’$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Zr 1,200 ì`º$s¨Zm ~m{áñ_m {Xbm Am[U `mn¡H$s ~hþVoH$ OU àm¡T> hmoVo. KmoJaJmdmVrb ‘mÂ`m AmB©À`m AmB©d{S>bm§Mm Am{U dmhoJmdmVrb ‘mÂ`m d{S>bm§À`m AmB©d{S>bm§Mmhr H$Xm{MV `m bmoH$m§‘Ü`o g‘mde Agob.

’$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Zm {Z`{‘VnUo X¡Z§{XZr {b{hÊ`mMr gd` hmoVr. `m S>m`arÀ`m Zm|Xtdê$Z Ë`mMr OrdZe¡br, {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwê$dmVrÀ`m H$mimVrb gm‘m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ n[apñWVrMr H$ënZm `oVo. KmoJaJmd {‘eZ hiyhiy AmH$ma KoV hmoVo. gZ 1902 ’$mXam§Zr KmoJaJmdmV gmVeo ê$n`m§V EH$ eoV {dH$V KoVbo Am{U eoOmaÀ`m ~moaga JmdmV H°$Q>o{H$ñQ>À`m ZmdmZo OmJm {dH$V KoVbr.

gZ 1907 À`m dm{f©H$ AhdmbmZwgma Ë`m {‘eZHo$§ÐmV 3,225 {¼ñVr bmoH$g§»`m hmoVr, H°$Q>o{H$ñQ> Am{U ‘mñVam§Mr g§»`m 26 hmoVr Am{U Ë`mdfr© 444 OUm§Zm ~m{áñ‘m XoÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. H°$Q>o{H$ñQ> emioV 25 à{ejUmWu hmoVo. ’$mXam§Mo H$m`© Ho$di AÜ`mpË‘H$ ñdê$nmMo ZìhVo. ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§Zm gmja H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m {‘eZH|$ÐmV 1907 n`ªV EHy$U 25 emim gwê$ Ho$ë`m hmoË`m Am{U Ë`m emim§V 325 ‘wbo‘wbr {eH$V hmoVo. KmoJaJmd {‘eZHo$§X«mÀ`m H$m`©joÌm§V {¼ñVr bmoH$ Agboë`m Jmdm§Mr g§»`m 55 hmoVr. ’$mXa Om{H$`a Am{U Ë`m§Mo ghH$mar KmoS>çmda gdma hmoD$Z `m gd© Jmdm§Zm ^oQ>r XoV AgV.Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV ’$mXa Om{H$`a EH$ KmoS>m Agboë`m N>H$S>çmVyZ àdmg H$aV AgV. ‘mPo ‘m‘m dm‘Z Am{U em§ËdZ {eZJmao ho H$mhr H$mi `m N>H$S>çmMo JmS>rdmZ hmoVo. Om{H$`a~m~m§À`m g‘mYrñWimV AmOhr OnyZ R>odÊ`mV Ambobm hm N>H$S>m Ë`m O‘mÝ`mVrb ào{fVH$m`m©À`m ñ‘¥VtZm COmim XoV AgVmo.

Untouchability, casteism in Maharashtra

4) JmdHw$gmVrb, JmdHw$gm~mhoaMo OJ

{h§XwñWmZmV {~«{Q>em§Mm A§_b gwê$ Pmbm Voìhm `m XoemVrb ~hþVoH$ àm§Vm§Vrb g_mO ñn¥í`, Añn¥í` Am{U doJdoJù`m OmVr-O_mVtV {d^mJbm hmoVm. {~«{Q>em§À`m amOdQ>rV nmíMmË` {dMmam§Mo XoemV dmao dmhÿ bmJbo VgVgo nwamoJm_r nwT>mè`m§Zr Añn¥í`Vm {Z_y©bZmgmR>r bT>m gwê$ Ho$bm. _mÌ Xoembm ñdmV§Í` {_imë`mZ§Va Am{U H$m`ÚmZo Añn¥í`VmnmbZmda ~§Xr `oD$Zhr hr àWm {H$Ë`oH$ df} MmbyM am{hbr hmoVr. \$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Zr {h§XwñWmZmV Amë`mZ§Va Añn¥í` g_mOmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ Am{U AmÜ`mpË_H$ CÞÎmrgmR>r H$m`© Ho$bo. `m _hma g_mOmMr Ë`mdoiMr gm_m{OH$ pñWVrMr, `m OmVrÀ`m bmoH$m§Zm Ë`mH$mimV ^moJmì`m bmJUmè`m `mVZm§Mr _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r VËH$mbrZ J«m_rU g_mOOrdZmMr AmoiI AgUo OéarMo Amho.

_hmamï´>mVrb IoS>oJmdm§V Ë`m nyU© JmdmVrb bmoH$dñVr EH$mM {R>H$mUr AmT>iV Zmhr. H$mhr OU Amnë`m eoVm§da amhmV AgVmV, H$mhr {R>H$mUr Xhm-~mam Kao EH$Ì AmT>iVmV Am{U Ë`m dñVrbm dmS>r åhQ>bo OmVo. JmdMr _w»` dñVr åhUOo JmdR>mU. H$moH$UMm AndmX gmoS>bm Va JmdR>mU Am{U dmS>çm AemàH$maMr dñVr ~hþVoH$ {R>H$mUr gmnS>Vo. `m JmdR>mUm^modVr Mmoam-XamoS>oImoam§nmgyZ g§ajUmgmR>r VQ>~§Xr Ho$br Agm`Mr, `m VQ>~§Xrbm JmdHw$gy åhQ>bo Om`Mo. JmdR>mUmV åhUOo `m JmdHw$gmÀ`m AmV g_mOmÀ`m Cƒ dUm©À`m åhUOo ñn¥í` OmVrÀ`m bmoH$m§Mr Kao Agm`Mr. JmdHw$gmÀ`m ~mhoa ImbÀ`m OmVrÀ`m åhUOoM Añn¥í` OmVr§À`m bmoH$m§Mr dñVr Agm`Mr. `m Añn¥í` g_mOmV _hma, _m§J Am{U Mm§^ma `m OmVtMm g_mdoe Agm`Mm.

_hmamï´>mÀ`m OdiOdi gd©M ^mJm§V Añn¥í` g_mOmV _hma OmVrÀ`m bmoH$m§Mr g§»`m gdm©{YH$ AmT>iVo. `m amÁ`mÀ`m gd©M Jmdm§V _hmam§Mr dñVr AgVoM. `m~m~V _mZdd§eemók BamdVr H$d} `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho {H$, ""BVa H$moUVrhr OmV KoVbr Var gmd©{ÌH$ dmñVì`m~m~V _hmam§Mr ga Xwgè`m H$moUË`mhr OmVrbm Zmhr. _hma ~hþg§»` H$moR>ohr ZmhrV. nU _hmam§Mr dgVr _wir ZmhrM Aer Jmdo _bm AOyZ AmT>ibr ZmhrV.""<sup>1</sup> _hma bmoH$m§À`m gmd©{ÌH$ dmñVì`m_wioM `m àXoembm _hmam§Mo amï´>, _hmamï´> Ago Zmd {_imbo Ago H$mhr g§emoYH$m§Mo åhUUo Amho. '_hma Am{U _hmamï´>' `m Amnë`m boImMm eodQ> BamdVr H$d} `m§Zr 'OoWn`ªV _hma nmoMbo {VWndªV _hmamï´>' Aem AdVaUmV Ho$bm Amho.

JmdHw$gmÀ`m AmVrb daÀ`m OmVr§À`m Am{U JmdHw$gm~mhoaÀ`m ~{hîH¥$V, ImbÀ`m OmVr§À`m g_mOOrdZmMo Xe©Z KS>dUmar H$mhr nwñVHo$ {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwédmVrg Am{U Ë`mZ§Va à{gÜX Pmbr hmoVr. {~«{Q>e Am_XmZrÀ`m H$mimV ñn¥í`m§Mo Am{U Añn¥í`m§Mo nañnag§~§Y, ~bwVoXmar Am{U JmdHw$gm~mhoa OJUmè`m bmoH$m§Mr VËH$mbrZ OrdZe¡br `m~Ôb {dídmgmh© _mZVm `oB©b Aer _m{hVr hr nwñVHo$ nwadVmV. Ë`mH$mimVrb g_mOOrdZmMm Aä`mg H$aUmè`m g§emoYH$m§À`m Ñï>rZo hr nwñVHo$ AË`§V _m¡ë`dmZ AmhoV. {̧~H$ Zmam`U AmÌo `m§Zr {b{hbobo 'JmdJmS>m' Am{U 1915 gmbr à{gÜX Pmbobo ho Ë`mn¡H$s EH$ AË`§V _hÎdmMo nwñVH$ Amho.<sup>2</sup> {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwê$dmVrVrb Aìdb B§J«Or Am_XmZrÀ`m H$mimVrb npíM_ _hmamï´>mVrb J«m_rU OrdZmMr ho nwñVH$ AmoiI H$ê$Z XoVo. aoìh. AboŠPm§S>a am°~Q>©gZ `m§Mo 1938 gmbr à{gÜX Pmbobo 'Xr _hma \$moëH$ - A ñQ>S>r Am°\$ AZQ>Mo~ëg BZ _hmamï´>' `m nwñVH$mVyZ Ah_XZJa, am`JS> (Hw$bm~m ho AmYrMo Zmd) {Oëho Am{U ZmJnya `m n[agamVrb _hmam§Mo JmdJmS>çmVrb ñWmZ Am{U Ë`m§Mr OrdZe¡br `m{df`r _m{hVr {_iVo.<sup>3</sup> (`m nwñVH$mMr _amR>r Amd¥Îmrhr AmVm CnbãY Amho. ⁴ ) Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimVrb åhUOo 1950À`m Xaå`mZ _hmamï´>mVrb Jm_rU g_mOOrdZmMr _m{hVr H$ê$Z XoUmao {d. _. Xm§S>oH$a Am{U _. ^m OJVmn `m§Zr {b{hbobo '_hmamï´>mMr J«m_rU g_mOaMZm' ho AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmMo nwñVH$ Amho. nwÊ`mÀ`m JmoIbo AW©emó g§emoYZ g§ñWoZo _hmamï´>mV 1951-52 gmbr gd}jU Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë`m gd}jUmVyZ hmVr Ambobr _m{hVr `m nwñVH$mV g§H${bV Ho$br Amho.<sup>5</sup> ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimVhr Añn¥í`m§Zm Hw$R>ë`m hmbAnoï>m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJV hmoVo `mMo {MÌU 1970 Z§Va à{gÜX Pmboë`m AZoH$ X{bV boIH$m§À`m AmË_H$WZm§VyZ ñnï> Pmbo Amho.

JmdHw$gm~mhoaÀ`m _hmam§À`m dñVrbm _hmadmS>m Am{U _m§Jm§À`m dñVrbm _m§JdmS>m åhUV AgV. _moJbmB©Vrb d¡Omnya Am{U J§Jmnya VmbwŠ`mVrb _hmadmS>çmbm 'amOdmS>m' AgoM g§~moYbo OmVo. `oWrb AZoH$ Jmdm§Vrb _hma bmoH$ e§^a dfmªnyduM {¼ñVr Pmbo Agbo Var EH${dgmì`m eVH$mV AmOhr Ë`m§Mr dñVr amOdmS>m qH$dm _hmadmS>m åhUyZM AmoiIbr OmVo. Y_mªVam_wio Ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ pñWVrV \$magm ~Xb Pmbm Zmhr `mMoM ho EH$ ÚmoVH$ Amho.

ImZXoe, _amR>dmS>m dJ¡ao n[agam§V JmdHw$gmMo ~m§YH$m_ XJS>mMo qH$dm ^|S>mMo åhUOo nm§T>è`m _mVrÀ`m H$ÀÀ`m {dQ>m§Mo Agm`Mo. JmdHw$gmÀ`m ~mhoa nS>Ê`mÀ`m dmQ>oda XadmOm Agm`Mm. nyduÀ`m H$mir doerMo ho XadmOo gy`m©ñVmnmgyZ gy`m}X`mn`ªV ~§X Ho$bo OmV AgV Am{U àË`oH$ doerda amIUrgmR>r dogH$a åhUyZ EH$ _hma ~gV Ago. Á`m Jmdmbm ZXrAmoT>çmgma»`m dmhË`m àdmhmMo nmUr {nÊ`mgmR>r dmnabo OmB© Aem {R>H$mUr Añn¥í`m§Mr dñVr nmÊ`mÀ`m àdmhmÀ`m ImbÀ`m ~mOyZo Ago. AemàH$mao daÀ`m OmVrMo bmoH$ ZXrMo nmUr àdmhmÀ`m daÀ`m ~mOyg ^aV Am{U ImbÀ`m OmVrMo, Añn¥í` bmoH$ àdmhmÀ`m ImbÀ`m ~mOyg nmUr ^aV. Ë`m_wio Añn¥í`m§À`m ñnem©Zo {dQ>mi Pmbobo nmUr dmnaÊ`mMm YmoH$m {Z_m©U hmoV Zgo.

ZXrda qH$dm AmoT>çm§da gm_m{OH$ CVa§S>rZwgma doJdoJù`m {R>H$mUr {d{eï> OmVtMo nmUdQ>o AgV. àdmhmÀ`m daÀ`m ~mOybm gd©àW_ g_mOmÀ`m gdm©V loð> Aem ~«m÷U OmVrMo nmUdR>o Agm`Mo, Ë`mZ§Va ImbÀ`m OmVtMo åhUOo _amR>m, _mir dJ¡ao ñn¥í` OmVtMo nmUdR>o Agm`Mo. ñn¥í`m§À`m nmUdR>çmImbr Añn¥í`m§Mo nmUdR>o gwê$ hmoV. Ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ ñVam§Zwgma åhUOo AmYr am_moer d Mm§^ma, Ë`mZ§Va T>moa, Ë`mÀ`mImbr _hma, _hmam§À`m Imbr _m§Jm§Mo nmUdR>o AgV. gdmªÀ`m eodQ>r Imbr ^§Jr OmVrMm nmUdR>m Ago.

_mÌ {dQ>mi Pmbobo Ë`m ZXrAmoT>çm§Mo nmUr Ë`mZ§Vahr dmhmVM amhm`Mo Am{U Xwgè`m Jmdm§V VoM nmUr Cƒ dUmªMo bmoH$ n{hë`m§Xm dmnaV AgV. dmhË`m nmÊ`mbm {dQ>mi ZgVmo Aer EH$ åhU _amR>rV Amho, Vr ~hþYm `m H$maUm_wioM Aem _`m©{XV AWm©Zo ê$T> Pmbr Agmdr.

H$mhr Jmdm§V gmd©O{ZH$ AmS> qH$dm {d{harVrb nmUr dmnabo OmB©. _mÌ _hma, _m§J, Mm§^ma, T>moa, am_moer Am{U H¡$H$mS>rgma»`m ImbÀ`m OmVrÀ`m bmoH$m§Zm `m VWmH${WV gmd©O{ZH$ {d{harda nmUr ^aÊ`mMr nadmZJr ZìhVr. Ë`m§À`mgmR>r doJio {dhra qH$dm AmS> Agm`Mo. _mÌ _hmam§À`m {d{harda _m§Jm§Zm nmUr ^aVm `oV Zgo. _mÂ`m AmOmoimV åhUOo KmoJaJmdmV 'amOdmS>çmV' åhUOo _hmadmS>çmV ñdV§Ì {dhra hmoVr, ho _bm ñnï> AmR>dVo. amOdmS>çmVrb `m {d{harbm JmdmVrb ñn¥í`m§À`m {d{harnojm df©^a A{YH$ _w~bH$ nmUr Agm`Mo Ago _mPr AmB© AOyZ gm§JV AgVo.

Á`m Añn¥í` OmVtZm ñdV:Mr {dhra Zgo Ë`m bmoH$m§Zm _J BVam§À`m _ohoa~mZrda Adb§~yZ amhmdo bmJo. gmd©O{ZH$ {d{harda ~amM doi C^o amhÿZ H$moUrVar Ë`m§Zm nmUr dmTy>Z XoB©b `mMr Ë`m§Zm dmQ> nmhmdr bmJo. nmUr ß`m`Mo Agbo Var Ë`m§Zr Imbr dmHy$Z hmVmMr Am|Oi Ho$ë`mZ§Va ñn¥í` bmoH$ bm§~yZ dê$Z nmUr AmoVV AgV.

Añn¥í`m§Zm gmd©O{ZH$ nmUdQ>o Iwbo H$aÊ`mV `mdo `m _mJUrgmR>r S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr H$moH$UmVrb _hmS> `oWo 1927 gmbr bT>m Ho$bm. VoWrb MdXma Vù`mMo nmUr Añn¥í`m§Zr MmIbo. _mÌ Var gmd©O{ZH$ nmUdQ>o Añn¥í`m§Zm Iwbo hmoÊ`mgmR>r AmUIr {H$VrVar XeH$m§Mm H$mbmdYr Omdm bmJbm. 'Añn¥í` O_mVr gmd©O{ZH$ {d{harda nmUr ^ê$ bmJë`mMo EH$hr CXmhaU Amåhr nmhUr Ho$boë`m 72 Jmdm§V {_imbo Zmhr' Ago {d. _. Xm§S>oH$a Am{U _. ^m. OJVmn `m§Zr 1957 gmbr à{gÜX Pmboë`m Amnë`m nwñVH$mV {b{hbo Amho.<sup>6</sup> g_mOgodH$ S>m°. ~m~m AmT>md `m§Zr Añn¥í`Vm àWoMo {Z_y©bZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r 1970À`m XeH$mV 'EH$ Jmd, EH$ nmUdR>m' `moOZm am~dÊ`mgmR>r _hmamï´>mV Midi am~dbr hmoVr. 'EH$ Jmd, EH$ nmUdR>m' `mM erf©H$mÀ`m nwñVH$mV S>m° AmT>mdm§Zr OmVrg§~§YmVrb Amnbo AZw^d gm§{JVbo AmhoV.⁷

'Cno{jV {¼ñVr g_mO' `m nwñVH$mVrb nwT>rb dU©Z JmdHw$gm~mhoaÀ`m {¼ñVr g_mOmÀ`m pñWVrda àH$me Q>mH$Vo, ''"Jmd VoWo _hmadmS>m' hr ê$T> Pmbobr AW©nyU© åhU {¼ñVrOZmZm V§VmoV§V bmJy nS>Vo. _mJmgdJu`m§VyZ {¼ñVr Pmboë`m§Zm _hma-_m§JdmS>çmVyZ amhmdo bmJVo. Ë`m§Mo ImUo-{nUo, amhUr_mZ, ^mfm d g§ñH¥$Vr Ë`m§À`m Añn¥í` ~§Yy§gmaIrM Amho. JmdmVrb gd© bmoH$ _mJmgdJu` {¼ñVr _mUgmbm åmhmaS>m', _m§JS>m' åhUyZM g§~moYVmV. AZoH$ {¼ñVr _hma ho Amnmnë`m JmdmVrb CƒdUu` Hw$Qw>§~m§Mo AmlrV hmoVo d AmhoVhr. JmdmVrb AË`§V hrZ XOm©Mr H$m_o Ë`m§Zm H$amdr bmJV. AJXr _mJrb XeH$mn`ªV _oboë`m T>moam§Mr {dëhohmQ> bmdUo B. H$m_o _mJmgdJu` {¼ñVr H$arV Ambo AmhoV. XmamoXmar qhSy>Z, Ë`m§À`mnwT>o \o$Hy$Z {Xbobo AÞ ImUmè`m Añn¥í` bmoH$m§_Ü`o {¼ñVrOZm§Mmhr g_mdoe AmhoM. Ë`m§Zmhr JmdmVyZ OmVm§Zm nmXÌmUo hmVmV KoD$Z d nmR>rda ~moahmQ>çm ~m§YyZ Mmbmdo bmJo d Ww§H$Ê`mgmR>r Odi JmS>Jo ~miJmdo bmJo.''⁸

h„r J«m_rU ^mJm§V gJirH$S>oM JmdR>mU, JmdHw$gy Am{U dog `m Jmoï>r B{VhmgO_m Pmë`m AmhoV. _mÌ `m OwÝ`m ~m§YH$m_m§Mr nS>PS> Pmbobr Agbr Var Ë`m§À`mer {ZJ{S>V g_mOaMZoV Am{U g_mOmÀ`m _mZ{gH$VoV \$magm ~Xb Pmbobm Zmhr. AÑí` ñdê$nmV `oWo AmOhr JmdHw$gmÀ`m AmV Am{U JmdHw$gm~mhoa OJUmao XmoZ doJdoJio OJ AmT>iVmV.

g§X^©:

1) BamdVr H$d}, 'n[any{V©', àH$meH$: Xoe_wI Am{U H§$nZr àm {b., 473, gXm{ed noR>, nwUo- 411 030, Xwgè`m Amd¥ÎmrMo Xhmdo nwZ_w©ÐU 1990, (nmZ 75)

2) qÌ~H$ Zmam`U AmÌo, 'Jmd-JmS>m' ; àH$meH$: h. A. ^mdo, daXm ~wŠg, 397/1, goZmnVr ~mnQ> _mJ©, nwUo 411 016 ({Vgar Amd¥Îmr, nwZ_w©ÐU 1995)

3) AboŠPm§S>a am°~Q>©gZ, 'Xr _hma \$moëH$ - A ñQ>S>r Am°\$ AZQ>Mo~ëg BZ _hmamï´>' Xr [a{b{OAg bmB©\$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m'; àH$meH$: dm` E_ gr E.npãbqeJ hmD$g, 5, agob ñQ´>rQ>, H$mobH$mVm, håào {_b\$moS>©, Am°Šg\$moS>© `w{Zìh{g©Q>r àog (1938); Xwgè`m Amd¥VrMo àH$meH$ S>m°. AemoH$ Jm`H$dmS>, H$m¡eë` àH$meZ, EZ-11, gr-3/24/3, hS>H$mo, Am¡a§Jm~mX, 431 003 (2005)

4) AboŠPm§S>a am°~Q>©gZ, '_hma bmoH$- _hmamï´>mVrb Añn¥í`m§Mm Aä`mg (^maVmMo Ym{_©H$ OrdZ)', AZwdmXH$: {^jw grd{b~moYr Am{U ñ_aU X{hdbo; àH$meH$: Xo. am. nJmao, gwJV àH$meZ, 780, d¡embrZJa, ZmJnya- 17, ({ÛVr`md¥Îmr 1991)

5) {d. _. Xm§S>oH$a Am{U _. ^m OJVmn, '_hmamï´>mMr J«m_rU g_mOaMZm', àH$meH$: Y. am. JmS>Jri, JmoIbo AW©emó g§emoYZ g§ñWm (àH$meZ nmMdo), nwUo- 411 004 (1957); (nmZ 10)

6) darbà_mUo, nmZ

7) S>m° ~m~m AmT>md, 'EH$ Jmd, EH$ nmUdR>m',

8) 'Cno{jV {¼ñVr g_mO', boIH$: àJV nXdrYa g§KQ>ZoV\}$ A§VmoZ _m. gmido, àVmn ~m. n§{S>V, gmoÝ`m~mny e§. dmK_mao Am{U Omogo\$ S>r AmT>md, àH$meH$: Á`w{bEg {S>gyOm (`oeyg§K), _mJ© àH$meZ, Wm°_g pñQ>\$Ýg {Zdmg, 2008 g§V pìhÝg|Q> _mJ©, nwUo 411 001, (1979) (nmZ 15 Am{U 16)