4) JmdHw$gmVrb, JmdHw$gm~mhoaMo OJ
{h§XwñWmZmV
{~«{Q>em§Mm A§_b gwê$ Pmbm Voìhm `m XoemVrb ~hþVoH$
àm§Vm§Vrb g_mO ñn¥í`, Añn¥í` Am{U doJdoJù`m OmVr-O_mVtV
{d^mJbm hmoVm. {~«{Q>em§À`m amOdQ>rV nmíMmË` {dMmam§Mo
XoemV dmao dmhÿ bmJbo VgVgo nwamoJm_r nwT>mè`m§Zr Añn¥í`Vm
{Z_y©bZmgmR>r bT>m gwê$ Ho$bm. _mÌ Xoembm ñdmV§Í`
{_imë`mZ§Va Am{U H$m`ÚmZo Añn¥í`VmnmbZmda ~§Xr `oD$Zhr hr àWm
{H$Ë`oH$ df} MmbyM am{hbr hmoVr. \$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Zr {h§XwñWmZmV
Amë`mZ§Va Añn¥í` g_mOmÀ`m gm_m{OH$ Am{U AmÜ`mpË_H$ CÞÎmrgmR>r
H$m`© Ho$bo. `m _hma g_mOmMr Ë`mdoiMr gm_m{OH$ pñWVrMr, `m
OmVrÀ`m bmoH$m§Zm Ë`mH$mimV ^moJmì`m bmJUmè`m `mVZm§Mr _m{hVr
H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r VËH$mbrZ J«m_rU g_mOOrdZmMr AmoiI AgUo
OéarMo Amho.
_hmamï´>mVrb
IoS>oJmdm§V Ë`m nyU© JmdmVrb bmoH$dñVr EH$mM {R>H$mUr
AmT>iV Zmhr. H$mhr OU Amnë`m eoVm§da amhmV AgVmV, H$mhr {R>H$mUr
Xhm-~mam Kao EH$Ì AmT>iVmV Am{U Ë`m dñVrbm dmS>r åhQ>bo
OmVo. JmdMr _w»` dñVr åhUOo JmdR>mU. H$moH$UMm AndmX gmoS>bm
Va JmdR>mU Am{U dmS>çm AemàH$maMr dñVr ~hþVoH$ {R>H$mUr
gmnS>Vo. `m JmdR>mUm^modVr Mmoam-XamoS>oImoam§nmgyZ
g§ajUmgmR>r VQ>~§Xr Ho$br Agm`Mr, `m VQ>~§Xrbm JmdHw$gy
åhQ>bo Om`Mo. JmdR>mUmV åhUOo `m JmdHw$gmÀ`m AmV g_mOmÀ`m
Cƒ dUm©À`m åhUOo ñn¥í` OmVrÀ`m bmoH$m§Mr Kao Agm`Mr.
JmdHw$gmÀ`m ~mhoa ImbÀ`m OmVrÀ`m åhUOoM Añn¥í` OmVr§À`m
bmoH$m§Mr dñVr Agm`Mr. `m Añn¥í` g_mOmV _hma, _m§J Am{U Mm§^ma
`m OmVtMm g_mdoe Agm`Mm.
_hmamï´>mÀ`m
OdiOdi gd©M ^mJm§V Añn¥í` g_mOmV _hma OmVrÀ`m bmoH$m§Mr g§»`m
gdm©{YH$ AmT>iVo. `m amÁ`mÀ`m gd©M Jmdm§V _hmam§Mr dñVr
AgVoM. `m~m~V _mZdd§eemók BamdVr H$d} `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho {H$,
""BVa H$moUVrhr OmV KoVbr Var gmd©{ÌH$ dmñVì`m~m~V
_hmam§Mr ga Xwgè`m H$moUË`mhr OmVrbm Zmhr. _hma ~hþg§»`
H$moR>ohr ZmhrV. nU _hmam§Mr dgVr _wir ZmhrM Aer Jmdo _bm AOyZ
AmT>ibr ZmhrV.""1
_hma
bmoH$m§À`m gmd©{ÌH$ dmñVì`m_wioM `m àXoembm _hmam§Mo amï´>,
_hmamï´> Ago Zmd {_imbo Ago H$mhr g§emoYH$m§Mo åhUUo Amho.
'_hma Am{U _hmamï´>' `m Amnë`m boImMm eodQ> BamdVr H$d}
`m§Zr 'OoWn`ªV _hma nmoMbo {VWndªV _hmamï´>' Aem AdVaUmV
Ho$bm Amho.
JmdHw$gmÀ`m
AmVrb daÀ`m OmVr§À`m Am{U JmdHw$gm~mhoaÀ`m ~{hîH¥$V, ImbÀ`m
OmVr§À`m g_mOOrdZmMo Xe©Z KS>dUmar H$mhr nwñVHo$ {dgmì`m
eVH$mÀ`m gwédmVrg Am{U Ë`mZ§Va à{gÜX Pmbr hmoVr. {~«{Q>e
Am_XmZrÀ`m H$mimV ñn¥í`m§Mo Am{U Añn¥í`m§Mo nañnag§~§Y,
~bwVoXmar Am{U JmdHw$gm~mhoa OJUmè`m bmoH$m§Mr VËH$mbrZ OrdZe¡br
`m~Ôb {dídmgmh© _mZVm `oB©b Aer _m{hVr hr nwñVHo$ nwadVmV.
Ë`mH$mimVrb g_mOOrdZmMm Aä`mg H$aUmè`m g§emoYH$m§À`m Ñï>rZo
hr nwñVHo$ AË`§V _m¡ë`dmZ AmhoV. {̧~H$ Zmam`U AmÌo `m§Zr
{b{hbobo 'JmdJmS>m' Am{U 1915 gmbr à{gÜX Pmbobo ho Ë`mn¡H$s
EH$ AË`§V _hÎdmMo nwñVH$ Amho.2
{dgmì`m
eVH$mÀ`m gwê$dmVrVrb Aìdb B§J«Or Am_XmZrÀ`m H$mimVrb npíM_
_hmamï´>mVrb J«m_rU OrdZmMr ho nwñVH$ AmoiI H$ê$Z XoVo.
aoìh. AboŠPm§S>a am°~Q>©gZ `m§Mo 1938 gmbr à{gÜX Pmbobo
'Xr _hma \$moëH$ - A ñQ>S>r Am°\$ AZQ>Mo~ëg BZ _hmamï´>'
`m nwñVH$mVyZ Ah_XZJa, am`JS> (Hw$bm~m ho AmYrMo Zmd) {Oëho
Am{U ZmJnya `m n[agamVrb _hmam§Mo JmdJmS>çmVrb ñWmZ Am{U Ë`m§Mr
OrdZe¡br `m{df`r _m{hVr {_iVo.3
(`m nwñVH$mMr
_amR>r Amd¥Îmrhr AmVm CnbãY Amho. 4
) Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m
H$mimVrb åhUOo 1950À`m Xaå`mZ _hmamï´>mVrb Jm_rU g_mOOrdZmMr
_m{hVr H$ê$Z XoUmao {d. _. Xm§S>oH$a Am{U _. ^m OJVmn `m§Zr
{b{hbobo '_hmamï´>mMr J«m_rU g_mOaMZm' ho AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmMo
nwñVH$ Amho. nwÊ`mÀ`m JmoIbo AW©emó g§emoYZ g§ñWoZo
_hmamï´>mV 1951-52 gmbr gd}jU Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë`m gd}jUmVyZ hmVr
Ambobr _m{hVr `m nwñVH$mV g§H${bV Ho$br Amho.5
ñdmV§Í`moÎma
H$mimVhr Añn¥í`m§Zm Hw$R>ë`m hmbAnoï>m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo
bmJV hmoVo `mMo {MÌU 1970 Z§Va à{gÜX Pmboë`m AZoH$ X{bV
boIH$m§À`m AmË_H$WZm§VyZ ñnï> Pmbo Amho.
JmdHw$gm~mhoaÀ`m
_hmam§À`m dñVrbm _hmadmS>m Am{U _m§Jm§À`m dñVrbm _m§JdmS>m
åhUV AgV. _moJbmB©Vrb d¡Omnya Am{U J§Jmnya VmbwŠ`mVrb
_hmadmS>çmbm 'amOdmS>m' AgoM g§~moYbo OmVo. `oWrb AZoH$
Jmdm§Vrb _hma bmoH$ e§^a dfmªnyduM {¼ñVr Pmbo Agbo Var
EH${dgmì`m eVH$mV AmOhr Ë`m§Mr dñVr amOdmS>m qH$dm _hmadmS>m
åhUyZM AmoiIbr OmVo. Y_mªVam_wio Ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$
pñWVrV \$magm ~Xb Pmbm Zmhr `mMoM ho EH$ ÚmoVH$ Amho.
ImZXoe,
_amR>dmS>m dJ¡ao n[agam§V JmdHw$gmMo ~m§YH$m_ XJS>mMo
qH$dm ^|S>mMo åhUOo nm§T>è`m _mVrÀ`m H$ÀÀ`m {dQ>m§Mo
Agm`Mo. JmdHw$gmÀ`m ~mhoa nS>Ê`mÀ`m dmQ>oda XadmOm Agm`Mm.
nyduÀ`m H$mir doerMo ho XadmOo gy`m©ñVmnmgyZ gy`m}X`mn`ªV ~§X
Ho$bo OmV AgV Am{U àË`oH$ doerda amIUrgmR>r dogH$a åhUyZ EH$
_hma ~gV Ago. Á`m Jmdmbm ZXrAmoT>çmgma»`m dmhË`m àdmhmMo nmUr
{nÊ`mgmR>r dmnabo OmB© Aem {R>H$mUr Añn¥í`m§Mr dñVr
nmÊ`mÀ`m àdmhmÀ`m ImbÀ`m ~mOyZo Ago. AemàH$mao daÀ`m OmVrMo
bmoH$ ZXrMo nmUr àdmhmÀ`m daÀ`m ~mOyg ^aV Am{U ImbÀ`m OmVrMo,
Añn¥í` bmoH$ àdmhmÀ`m ImbÀ`m ~mOyg nmUr ^aV. Ë`m_wio
Añn¥í`m§À`m ñnem©Zo {dQ>mi Pmbobo nmUr dmnaÊ`mMm YmoH$m
{Z_m©U hmoV Zgo.
ZXrda
qH$dm AmoT>çm§da gm_m{OH$ CVa§S>rZwgma doJdoJù`m {R>H$mUr
{d{eï> OmVtMo nmUdQ>o AgV. àdmhmÀ`m daÀ`m ~mOybm gd©àW_
g_mOmÀ`m gdm©V loð> Aem ~«m÷U OmVrMo nmUdR>o Agm`Mo,
Ë`mZ§Va ImbÀ`m OmVtMo åhUOo _amR>m, _mir dJ¡ao ñn¥í`
OmVtMo nmUdR>o Agm`Mo. ñn¥í`m§À`m nmUdR>çmImbr Añn¥í`m§Mo
nmUdR>o gwê$ hmoV. Ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ ñVam§Zwgma åhUOo AmYr
am_moer d Mm§^ma, Ë`mZ§Va T>moa, Ë`mÀ`mImbr _hma, _hmam§À`m
Imbr _m§Jm§Mo nmUdR>o AgV. gdmªÀ`m eodQ>r Imbr ^§Jr OmVrMm
nmUdR>m Ago.
_mÌ
{dQ>mi Pmbobo Ë`m ZXrAmoT>çm§Mo nmUr Ë`mZ§Vahr dmhmVM
amhm`Mo Am{U Xwgè`m Jmdm§V VoM nmUr Cƒ dUmªMo bmoH$ n{hë`m§Xm
dmnaV AgV. dmhË`m nmÊ`mbm {dQ>mi ZgVmo Aer EH$ åhU _amR>rV
Amho, Vr ~hþYm `m H$maUm_wioM Aem _`m©{XV AWm©Zo ê$T> Pmbr
Agmdr.
H$mhr
Jmdm§V gmd©O{ZH$ AmS> qH$dm {d{harVrb nmUr dmnabo OmB©. _mÌ
_hma, _m§J, Mm§^ma, T>moa, am_moer Am{U H¡$H$mS>rgma»`m
ImbÀ`m OmVrÀ`m bmoH$m§Zm `m VWmH${WV gmd©O{ZH$ {d{harda nmUr
^aÊ`mMr nadmZJr ZìhVr. Ë`m§À`mgmR>r doJio {dhra qH$dm AmS>
Agm`Mo. _mÌ _hmam§À`m {d{harda _m§Jm§Zm nmUr ^aVm `oV Zgo. _mÂ`m
AmOmoimV åhUOo KmoJaJmdmV 'amOdmS>çmV' åhUOo _hmadmS>çmV
ñdV§Ì {dhra hmoVr, ho _bm ñnï> AmR>dVo. amOdmS>çmVrb
`m {d{harbm JmdmVrb ñn¥í`m§À`m {d{harnojm df©^a A{YH$ _w~bH$
nmUr Agm`Mo Ago _mPr AmB© AOyZ gm§JV AgVo.
Á`m
Añn¥í` OmVtZm ñdV:Mr {dhra Zgo Ë`m bmoH$m§Zm _J BVam§À`m
_ohoa~mZrda Adb§~yZ amhmdo bmJo. gmd©O{ZH$ {d{harda ~amM doi C^o
amhÿZ H$moUrVar Ë`m§Zm nmUr dmTy>Z XoB©b `mMr Ë`m§Zm dmQ>
nmhmdr bmJo. nmUr ß`m`Mo Agbo Var Ë`m§Zr Imbr dmHy$Z hmVmMr Am|Oi
Ho$ë`mZ§Va ñn¥í` bmoH$ bm§~yZ dê$Z nmUr AmoVV AgV.
Añn¥í`m§Zm
gmd©O{ZH$ nmUdQ>o Iwbo H$aÊ`mV `mdo `m _mJUrgmR>r S>m°.
~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr H$moH$UmVrb _hmS> `oWo 1927 gmbr
bT>m Ho$bm. VoWrb MdXma Vù`mMo nmUr Añn¥í`m§Zr MmIbo. _mÌ
Var gmd©O{ZH$ nmUdQ>o Añn¥í`m§Zm Iwbo hmoÊ`mgmR>r AmUIr
{H$VrVar XeH$m§Mm H$mbmdYr Omdm bmJbm. 'Añn¥í` O_mVr gmd©O{ZH$
{d{harda nmUr ^ê$ bmJë`mMo EH$hr CXmhaU Amåhr nmhUr Ho$boë`m 72
Jmdm§V {_imbo Zmhr' Ago {d. _. Xm§S>oH$a Am{U _. ^m. OJVmn `m§Zr
1957 gmbr à{gÜX Pmboë`m Amnë`m nwñVH$mV {b{hbo Amho.6
g_mOgodH$
S>m°. ~m~m AmT>md `m§Zr Añn¥í`Vm àWoMo {Z_y©bZ
H$aÊ`mgmR>r 1970À`m XeH$mV 'EH$ Jmd, EH$ nmUdR>m' `moOZm
am~dÊ`mgmR>r _hmamï´>mV Midi am~dbr hmoVr. 'EH$ Jmd, EH$
nmUdR>m' `mM erf©H$mÀ`m nwñVH$mV S>m° AmT>mdm§Zr
OmVrg§~§YmVrb Amnbo AZw^d gm§{JVbo AmhoV.7
'Cno{jV
{¼ñVr g_mO' `m nwñVH$mVrb nwT>rb dU©Z JmdHw$gm~mhoaÀ`m {¼ñVr
g_mOmÀ`m pñWVrda àH$me Q>mH$Vo, ''"Jmd VoWo _hmadmS>m'
hr ê$T> Pmbobr AW©nyU© åhU {¼ñVrOZmZm V§VmoV§V bmJy nS>Vo.
_mJmgdJu`m§VyZ {¼ñVr Pmboë`m§Zm _hma-_m§JdmS>çmVyZ amhmdo
bmJVo. Ë`m§Mo ImUo-{nUo, amhUr_mZ, ^mfm d g§ñH¥$Vr Ë`m§À`m
Añn¥í` ~§Yy§gmaIrM Amho. JmdmVrb gd© bmoH$ _mJmgdJu` {¼ñVr
_mUgmbm åmhmaS>m', _m§JS>m' åhUyZM g§~moYVmV. AZoH$ {¼ñVr
_hma ho Amnmnë`m JmdmVrb CƒdUu` Hw$Qw>§~m§Mo AmlrV hmoVo d
AmhoVhr. JmdmVrb AË`§V hrZ XOm©Mr H$m_o Ë`m§Zm H$amdr bmJV. AJXr
_mJrb XeH$mn`ªV _oboë`m T>moam§Mr {dëhohmQ> bmdUo B. H$m_o
_mJmgdJu` {¼ñVr H$arV Ambo AmhoV. XmamoXmar qhSy>Z,
Ë`m§À`mnwT>o \o$Hy$Z {Xbobo AÞ ImUmè`m Añn¥í` bmoH$m§_Ü`o
{¼ñVrOZm§Mmhr g_mdoe AmhoM. Ë`m§Zmhr JmdmVyZ OmVm§Zm nmXÌmUo
hmVmV KoD$Z d nmR>rda ~moahmQ>çm ~m§YyZ Mmbmdo bmJo d
Ww§H$Ê`mgmR>r Odi JmS>Jo ~miJmdo bmJo.''8
h„r
J«m_rU ^mJm§V gJirH$S>oM JmdR>mU, JmdHw$gy Am{U dog `m Jmoï>r
B{VhmgO_m Pmë`m AmhoV. _mÌ `m OwÝ`m ~m§YH$m_m§Mr nS>PS>
Pmbobr Agbr Var Ë`m§À`mer {ZJ{S>V g_mOaMZoV Am{U g_mOmÀ`m
_mZ{gH$VoV \$magm ~Xb Pmbobm Zmhr. AÑí` ñdê$nmV `oWo AmOhr
JmdHw$gmÀ`m AmV Am{U JmdHw$gm~mhoa OJUmao XmoZ doJdoJio OJ AmT>iVmV.
g§X^©:
1)
BamdVr H$d}, 'n[any{V©', àH$meH$: Xoe_wI Am{U H§$nZr àm {b.,
473, gXm{ed noR>, nwUo- 411 030, Xwgè`m Amd¥ÎmrMo Xhmdo
nwZ_w©ÐU 1990, (nmZ 75)
2)
qÌ~H$ Zmam`U AmÌo, 'Jmd-JmS>m' ; àH$meH$: h. A. ^mdo, daXm
~wŠg, 397/1, goZmnVr ~mnQ> _mJ©, nwUo 411 016 ({Vgar Amd¥Îmr,
nwZ_w©ÐU 1995)
3)
AboŠPm§S>a am°~Q>©gZ, 'Xr _hma \$moëH$ - A ñQ>S>r
Am°\$ AZQ>Mo~ëg BZ _hmamï´>' Xr [a{b{OAg bmB©\$ Am°\$
B§{S>`m'; àH$meH$: dm` E_ gr E.npãbqeJ hmD$g, 5, agob ñQ´>rQ>,
H$mobH$mVm, håào {_b\$moS>©, Am°Šg\$moS>© `w{Zìh{g©Q>r
àog (1938); Xwgè`m Amd¥VrMo àH$meH$ S>m°. AemoH$ Jm`H$dmS>,
H$m¡eë` àH$meZ, EZ-11, gr-3/24/3, hS>H$mo, Am¡a§Jm~mX, 431
003 (2005)
4)
AboŠPm§S>a am°~Q>©gZ, '_hma bmoH$- _hmamï´>mVrb
Añn¥í`m§Mm Aä`mg (^maVmMo Ym{_©H$ OrdZ)', AZwdmXH$: {^jw
grd{b~moYr Am{U ñ_aU X{hdbo; àH$meH$: Xo. am. nJmao, gwJV àH$meZ,
780, d¡embrZJa, ZmJnya- 17, ({ÛVr`md¥Îmr 1991)
5)
{d. _. Xm§S>oH$a Am{U _. ^m OJVmn, '_hmamï´>mMr J«m_rU
g_mOaMZm', àH$meH$: Y. am. JmS>Jri, JmoIbo AW©emó g§emoYZ
g§ñWm (àH$meZ nmMdo), nwUo- 411 004 (1957); (nmZ 10)
6)
darbà_mUo, nmZ
7)
S>m° ~m~m AmT>md, 'EH$ Jmd, EH$ nmUdR>m',
8)
'Cno{jV {¼ñVr g_mO', boIH$: àJV nXdrYa g§KQ>ZoV\}$ A§VmoZ _m.
gmido, àVmn ~m. n§{S>V, gmoÝ`m~mny e§. dmK_mao Am{U Omogo\$
S>r AmT>md, àH$meH$: Á`w{bEg {S>gyOm (`oeyg§K), _mJ©
àH$meZ, Wm°_g pñQ>\$Ýg {Zdmg, 2008 g§V pìhÝg|Q> _mJ©,
nwUo 411 001, (1979) (nmZ 15 Am{U 16)
