Times of India : Jesuits-run Marathi monthly Niropya enters 100th year

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Marathi monthly Niropya enters 100th year

Camil Parkhe,TNN | Dec 26, 2002, 10.37 PM IST

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PUNE: Niropya, a Marathi monthly launched by a German Jesuit priest in an obscure village in Ahmednagar district in 1903, has today earned a distinct position among Marathi periodicals.
The monthly, presently being published from 'Snehsadan' in the city, is among the handful of Marathi periodicals which have reached the century mark. Niropya (Marathi word for messenger) was launched at the Walan-Kendal village in April 1903 by Fr Henry Doering, who later rose to become the vicar apostolic of Hiroshima in Japan and the archbishop of Pune.
The monthly, owned by the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), has grown from its initial four-page bulletin form to its present 32-page format. The magazine now boasts of a circulation of 20,000 copies.
Most of its subscribers are its third, fourth or even fifth generation readers — a feat rivalled by few other Marathi periodicals. The history of Marathi journalism begins with the publication of Darpan, a periodical launched by Balshastri Jambhekar in 1832.
Monthly Dnyanodaya, published from Ahmednagar since 1842, is the oldest surviving Marathi periodical, followed by daily Kesari, published from Pune since 1881.
Doering shifted Niropya's publication to Pune when he was appointed the second bishop of Pune diocese in 1907. During the First World War, the British government declared bishop Doering, a German national, as persona non grata. His monthly was also banned.
The Holy See then shifted Doering as vicar apostolic of Hiroshima in 1921. After the end of hostilities, Doering returned to Pune in 1927. Soon after his return, the archbishop resurrected his baby in 1927 and since then, Niropya is being published without a break.
Doering, who died in 1951, was interred at St Patrick's Cathedral in the city. The inscriptions on his grave, which highlight his contributions to various fields are, however, silent on the archbishop's role as the founder editor of Niropya, or his contribution to the history of the Marathi press.
During the last 100 years, the monthly has been published from Sangamner, Shrirampur, Panchgani, Karad, Aajra and Nasik, based on postings of its Jesuit priest-editors.
"Niropya has played an important role in creating social awareness among Catholics", says Fr Joe Pithekar, the monthly's executive editor.

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S N Suryawanshi Devoted to a cause

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Monday, January 4, 1999 Devoted to a cause Camil Parkhe   There are many Christians who have contributed to Marathi literature during the last two centuries. Baba Padamanji who embraced Christianity during the last century is credited with writing the first Marathi novel Yamunaparyatan. The other great luminaries belonging to the Christian community who have enriched the Marathi literature include poet Rev. Narayan Waman Tilak and his wife `Sahityalaxmi' Laxmibai Tilak who wrote Smritichitre, treated as one of the best autobiographies in Marathi and the great scholar Pandita Ramabai.This rich tradition of the Christian community has been kept alive by Acharya Satyawan Namdeo Suryawanshi, veteran writer and editor of the now defunct Marathi weekly, Aapan. The 82-year-old writer-editor was in the city on December 12 when Christi Sahitya Sangh, Pune, bestowed upon him the `Sahitya Bhushan' award in recognition of his life-time contribution. Suryawanshi, a kirtankar, playwright, poet, evangelist and a fiery crusader, is also a guru to a large number of Christians who are now in their middle ages and are shining in their chosen vocations. The Nashik based Suryawanshi has many reasons to be the most revered person in the Christian community - both among the Catholics as well as the Protestants. He is the only surviving litterateur in this minority community who is credited with having written the largest number of books - around 200. Most important of all, Suryawanshi, himself a Protestant, has also functioned as a bridge between the Marathi-speaking Catholic and the Protestant communities when he edited for many years the Aapan weekly. The weekly was closed down two decades ago and since then, Suryawanshi has devoted himself only for writing and kirtans, his other love. During his over-an-hour interview conducted at the function by Fr. Joe Gaikwad, editor of Niropya monthly and Jayantkumar Tribhuvan, the octogenarian replied to a number of queries. The interview revealed that despite his age, he continues to be a fiery crusader, voicing the views and opinions which have been dear to him when he was in the limelight a score ago. During the interview, he recalled his days when he slept on the footpaths of Mumbai, his experiences as a kirtankar, and as an editor whose editorials often drew flak from different quarters. Answering a query as to which roles in his versatile personality he cherished the most, Suryawanshi replied that he liked the role of a journalist due to the profession's wider reach to the society and as an evangelist, he loved the role of a kirtankar. Suryawanshi said that due to his writings, initially he had to face opposition and humiliation from the people belonging to his own community - he was `ex-communicated' for over 12 years. He said that it was his habit to take up writing of different books simultaneously and that often he wrote a few pages of one book in the morning, of another book in the afternoon and an altogether different one in the evening. No wonder, only a few writers can match the number of books he has written. Suryawanshi has been a recipient of many other laurels, he has presided over the state-level Marathi Christi Sahitya Sammelan as well as Dalit Christi Sahitya Sammelan. Many speakers lamented that Suryawanshi's literary contribution was not given the due recognition in the Marathi literary circles. But this fact has not discouraged or deterred Suryawanshi from continuing his writing. This was amply clear to the gathering through his answers, especially when the octogenarian announced that his latest book, Kirtanshala, a book on techniques of conducting kirtans, will be published soon!

Eternal rest for Fr Gurien Jacquier

KmoJaJmdMo \$mXa Om{H$`a~m~m (Am¡a§Jm~mX {OëømVrb {¼ñVr {_eZ H$m`© - B g.1892 nmgyZ)

H$m{_b nmaIo

gwJmdm àH$meZ

22) Om{H$`a~mdm§Zm {Ma{dlm§Vr

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Om{H$`a~m~m§Mo {Zdm©U Pmbo Voìhm _mPo AmB©-d{S>b KmoJaJmdmVM hmoVo. _mÂ`m AmB©À`m YmH$Q>çm ~{hUrÀ`m åhUOo AZwg`m_mderÀ`m Am{U H$m{eZmWH$mH$m ^mboamd `m§À`m b½Zm{Z{_Îm Vo _mÂ`m AmOmoimg Ambo hmoVo. Ë`mH$mimV b½Zg_ma§^ Mma-nmM {Xdg MmbV Ago. n{hë`m {Xder hiX bmdÊ`mMm H$m`©H«$_ Ago. Ë`mZ§Va JS>m§JUoamgmR>r ^mdr dYy Am{U da ZmVodmB©H$m§H$S>o Am{U eoOmamnmOmè`m§H$S>o eod`m ImÊ`mgmR>r Amnë`m bdmOå`mgh {\$aV Ago. _mderMo b½Z bmJë`mZ§Va Om{H$`a~m~m§Mo {ZYZ Pmbo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m{Xder hmoUmam Hw$§H$dmMm qH$dm \$i ^aÊ`mMm b½Zg_ma§^mMm eodQ>Mm H$m`©H«$_ aÔ H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm, ho _r _mÂ`m AmB©-d{S>bm§H$Sy>Z AZoH$Xm EoH$bo Amho. b¾g_ma§^mgmR>r JmdmoJmdm§hÿZ Ambobr nmhþUo_§S>ir _J Om{H$`a~m~m§À`m A§Ë`g§ñH$mamÀ`m {dYrV gh^mJr Pmbr. {¼ñVamOm Xodimnmer, XodimVrb doXrÀ`m g_m§Va ~mOybm Om{H$`a~m~m§Zm {Ma{ZÐm XoÊ`mV Ambr. KmoJaJmd n[agamVrb AZoH$ {¼ñVr, AmOy~mOyÀ`m JmdMr nmQ>rb_§S>ir Am{U BVa {~Ja{¼ñVr bmoH$ _moR>çm g§»`oZo A§Ë``mÌog hOa hmoVo. Ago åhUVmV H$s Om{H$`a~m~m AË`dñW Agë`m_wio JmoXmdarÀ`m nbrH$S>rb Ah_XZJa {OëømVrb haoJmd `m `oeyg§Kr` {_eZ H|$ÐmVyZ Ë`m§À`m X\$Z{dYrgmR>r ednoQ>r Ë`m§À`m {ZYZmAmYrM KmoJaJmdmV AmUyZ R>odÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr.

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`m AmdmhZmg à{VgmX åhUyZ H$mhr ì`º$s§Zr Amnbo AZw^d gm§{JVbo. `mn¡H$s _w§~B©Vrb A§Yoar `oWrb Eg. E_. nmaIo `m§Mm nwT>rb boI 'qMVZ' _m{gH$mÀ`m E{àb 2004À`m A§H$mV à{gÜX Pmbm hmoVm:

^{dî`dmUr

nnm gm§JV AgV _mirKmoJaJmd `oWrb MM© ~m§YÊ`mMo AWH$ n[al_ \$mXa Om{H$`a~m~m§Zr Ho$bo. MM©Mm OwZm _Zmoam nmSy>Z Zdm _Zmoam ~m§Ymd`mMm hmoVm. Vmo OwZm _Zmoam EH$m ~«Xam§Zr KUmÀ`m XmoZ Q>moë`m§_Ü`o nmS>bm hmoVm, Zdm C§M _Zmoam ~m§YyZ Ë`mda AdmT>ì` ~ob (K§Q>m) MT>dm`Mr hmoVr. Vr AdmT>ì` K§Q>m \$mXa Om{H$`a~m~m§Zr EH$Q>çmZo da MT>{dbr hmoVr. Vr da MT>{dV AgVmZm Ë`m§Zm Iyn Ìmg Pmbm. Vo Iyn AmOmar nS>bo åhUyZ BÀN>m ZgVmZm Ë`m§Zm _m`Xoer naV Omdo bmJbo. VoWo AmVS>çmMo Am°naoeZ `eñdr Pmë`mZ§Va nyU© ~ao hmoD$Z Vo _mirKmoJaJmd `oWo naV Ambo. naXoemVyZ naV `oVmZm Ë`m§Zr EH$ J«m_mo\$moZ AmUbm hmoVm. Ë`mdarb JmUo EoH$m`bm JmdmVrb gd© bhmZWmoa _§S>ir O_m hmoV AgV. \$mXa KmoS>çmdê$Z amoO JmdmV \o$a\$Q>H$m _marV. Aem ~è`mMem AmR>dUr nnm Amåhmbm gm§JV AgV. na§Vw `m gdm©hÿZ doJir d gX¡d bjmV am{hbobr AmR>dU Ë`m§Zr Ho$bobr ^{dî`dmUr.

_mPo nnm _mirKmoJaJmd `oWo {eH$bo d Ë`m§À`m ghdmgmV ~aoM {Xdg hmoVo. \$mXa Om{H$`a~m~m§À`m {eH$dUrMm _wbm§da ~amM à^md nS>V Ago. Ë`m_wioM EH$ {Xdg gm`§H$mir Mma _wbo \$mXa Om{H$`a~m~m§À`m ê$_da Jobr d Ë`m§Zr Y_©Jwê$ hmoD$Z XodmMr godm H$aÊ`mMr BÀN>m àJQ> Ho$br. Ë`mda \$mXam§Zr Ho$di Ë`m§À`mH$S>o nmhÿZ pñ_V Ho$bo. Xwgè`m {Xder \$mXa dJm©V Jobo. gd© _wbm§Zr CRy>Z \$mXam§Zm A{^dmXZ Ho$bo. Z§Va \$mXa J§^ra AmdmOmV ~moby bmJbo. ''_wbm§Zmo, Vw_À`mVrb Mma _wbo Y_©Jwê$ hmoD$ BÀN>rV AmhoV.'' Z§Va Ë`m§Zr Mmahr _wbm§Zm C^o amhÊ`mg gm§{JVbo d àË`oH$mH$S>o diyZ åhUmbo, ''JmoqdX, Vy \$mXa hmoUma Zmhrg d b¾gwÜXm H$aUma Zmhrg. WmoamV, Vy {ddmh H$ê$Z gwIr g§gma H$aerb. AmZ§X (_mPo nnm), VwPo XmoZ {ddmh hmoVrb d ~ZgmoS>o, Vy \$mXa hmoerb.'' Am{U _moR>onUr Mm¡Km§À`mhr ~m~VrV \$mXam§Zr Ho$bobr ^{dî`dmUr V§VmoV§V Iar R>abr Amho.''

H°$Wmo{bH$ Y_©g§ñWoZo Om{H$`a~m~m§Zm g§V åhUyZ _mÝ`Vm {Xbobr Zmhr. _Xa Voaogm§À`m g§VnXmMm ~hþ_mZ XoÊ`mMr à{H$`m h„r Mmby Amho. g§VnUmMm hm ~hþ_mZ \$mXa Om{H$`a~m~m§Zmhr XoÊ`mV `mdm Aer _mJUrhr Hw$Ur Ho$bobr Zmhr. BWë`m J«m_rU n[agamVrb bmoH$m§Zm Aem Am¡nMm[aH$ à{H«$`oMr Iao nm{hbo Va _m{hVrhr Zmhr qH$dm JaOhr ^mgV Zmhr. Jobr AZoH$ df} Amnë`m dmS>d{S>bm§H$Sy>Z Am{U BVam§H$Sy>Z ho bmoH$ Om{H$`a~m~m§À`m H$m_m{df`r, _hmZVog§~Yr AZoH$ H$Wm, X§VH$Wm EoH$V Ambo AmhoV. `m n[agamVrb bmoH$m§Zr Va KmoJaJmdÀ`m `m ào{fVmbm Ë`m§À`m h`mVrVM g§VnX ~hmb Ho$bo hmoVo.

Fr Joseph Montero, first Maharshtrian Catholic priest

KmoJaJmdMo \$mXa Om{H$`a~m~m (Am¡a§Jm~mX {OëømVrb {¼ñVr {_eZ H$m`© - B g.1892 nmgyZ)

H$m{_b nmaIo

gwJmdm àH$meZ

20) Om{H$`a~m~m§Mo {eî`, n{hbo _amR>r {¼ñVr Y_©Jwê$ \$m. _moÝVoamo

_wŸ§~B© Am{U dgB© n[aga dJiVm Cd©[aV _hmamï´>mVrb ñWm{ZH$ Vê$Um§Zm ào{fV H$m`m©gmR>r AmH${f©V H$aUmao, Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm nmR>~i XoUmao \$mXa Om{H$`a ho n{hboM Y_©Jwê$ åhUmdo bmJob. Ah_XZJa {OëømVrb Omogo\$ _moÝVoamo ho \$mXa Om{H$`a Am{U \$mXa ~oO} `m§À`m H$m`m©Zo à^m{dV hmoD$Z Y_©Jwê$ ~Zbo. {dX^m©Vrb A_amdVrOdirb AmMbnya `oWrb n°{Q´>H$ Vm`S>o`m§ZrgwÜXm Om{H$`a~m~m§À`m ghdmgmV amhÿZ nwT>o ñdV:bm Ym{_©H$ godog dmhÿZ KoÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVbm.

Ah_XZJa {OëømV `oeyg§Kr` Y_©Jwê§$Mo ào{fV H$m`© 1878 gmbr gwê$ Pmbo Va E_EgE\$Eg g§ñWoMo H$m`© _amR>dmS>çmV KmoJaJmd `oWo 1892 gmbr gwê$ Pmbo. `oeyg§Kr`m§À`m VwbZoZo \$mÝg{bAZ g§ñWoV Y_©Jwê$ dm ~«Xa hmoÊ`mgmR>r ñWm{ZH$ Vê$U A{YH$ bdH$a AmH${f©V Pmbo qH$dm `m g§ñWoZo Ë`m§Zm Ver g§Yr bdH$a {Xbr Ago åhUmdo bmJob. Xoembm ñdmV§Í` {_imë`mZ§Va 1953 gmbr Ah_XZJa {OëømVrb EH$ Vê$U, Wm°_g ^mboamd, `m§Zr `oeyg§KmV C_oXdma åhUyZ àdoe Ho$bm Am{U 1965 gmbr Jwé{Xjm Pmë`mZ§Va Vo n{hbo ñWm{ZH$ `oeyg§Kr` Y_©Jwê$ R>abo. `m {OëømV ào{fV H$m`© gwê$ Pmë`mZ§Va OdiOdi e§^a dfm©Z§Va `oeyg§KmVrb n{hbo ñWm{ZH$ Y_©Jwê$ hmoÊ`mMm gÝ_mZ Ë`m§Zm {_imbm. _wÝVmoS>o Am{U Vm`S>o `m XmoZ ñWm{ZH$ Vê$Um§Zr _mÌ E_EgE\$Eg `m g§ñWoV ñdmV§Í`mnyduM åhUOo 1930À`m Amgnmg Y_©H$m`© H$aÊ`mgmR>r {Xjm ñdrH$mabr hmoVr.

\$mXa _moÝVoamo `m§À`mZ§Va _amR>r {¼ñVr g_mOmVrb Y_©Jwê$ hmoÊ`mMm gÝ_mZ \$mpÝgg Jm`H$dmS> Am{U OmoOo\$ ~ZgmoS>o `m§Zm {_imbm. Jm`H$dmS> Am{U ~ZgmoS>o ho XmoKo _mdg^mD$ hmoVo. 29 gßQ>|~a 1948 aomOr ZmJnwamV Ë`m§Zm E_EgE\$Eg `m g§ñWoMo Y_©Jwê$ åhUyZ {Xjm {_imbr. `m g_ma§^mMm d¥Vm§V '{Zamoß`m' _m{gH$mZo Ë`mdoir à{gÜX Ho$bm hmoVm.

_amR>r {¼ñVr g_mOmVrb n{hbo Y_©Jwê$ åhUyZ `m g_mOmÀ`m e¡j{UH$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ àJVrgmR>r H$m`© H$aUmè`m _moÝVoamo~m~m qH$dm \$mXa Omogo\$ _wÝVmoS>o `m§Mm C„oI H$amdm bmJob. \$m _moÝVoamo ho `wamonmVrb AZoH$ Xoem§Mm Xm¡am H$aUmao Cno{jV _amR>r {¼ñVr g_mOmVrb n{hbrM ì`º$s. `m naXoe Xm¡è`mVrb AZw^dm§Mm Amnë`m {_eZH$m`m©V dmna H$ê$Z Amnë`m g_mOmÀ`m àJVrgmR>r Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ ZdZdo à`moJ Ho$bo. naXoer {_eZatZr `oWrb eham§Vhr _amR>r _mÜ`_mÀ`m emim CKS>Ê`mda ^a {Xbm. Ë`mH$mimV Am¡a§Jm~mXgma»`m {R>H$mUr B§J«Or emim gwê$ H$aÊ`mMm Ë`m§Mm {ZU©` Z¸$sM YmS>gr åhUmdm bmJob. Am¡a§Jm~mX ehamVrb AmVm Zmdménmbm Ambobr B§J«Or _mÜ`_mVrb {bQ>b âbm°da ñHy$b gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ë`m§Zr nwT>mH$ma KoVbm. _hmamï´>mVrb {_eZHo$ÝÐmVrb hr n{hbr B§J«Or _mÜ`_mMr emim. Ë`mZ§Va _amR>r {¼ñVr bmoH$m§gmR>r d ~hþg§»` g_mOmgmR>r BVa {_eZ H|$Ðm§V åhUOo lram_nya, amhmVm dJ¡ao {R>H$mUr B§J«Or _mÜ`_mÀ`m emim gwê$ H$aÊ`mg OdiOdi Mma XeHo$ Amobm§S>mdr bmJbr. `mdê$Z _moÝVoamo~m~m§Mm XyaXeunUm {XgyZ `oVmo. Am¡a§Jm~mXÀ`m J«m_rU n[agamV Ë`m§Zr ñdmV§Í`mZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV AZoH$ emim gwê$ Ho$ë`m.

\$mXa Omogo\$ _wÝVmoS>o `m§Mm OÝ_ Ah_XZJa {OëømVrb amhþar VmbwŠ`mVrb qMMmoio Jmdr 29 gßQ>|~a 1902 amoOr Pmbm. {J[aOm~mB© Am{U JUnVamd `m§Mo Vo Xwgao AnË`. Vo gmV dfmªMo AgVmZm Ë`m§À`m AmB©Mo - {JarOm~mB©Mo- {ZYZ Pmbo Am{U Ë`m§À`m d{S>bm§Zr doUy~mB© ZmdmÀ`m _{hboer Xwgao b½Z Ho$bo. Ë`m§À`m d{S>bm§Mohr bdH$aM {ZYZ Pmbo. nmoaH$m Pmboë`m bhmZ Omogo\$bm Ë`mMm Wmoabm ^mD$ Om°Z `mZo VoWyZ OdiM Agboë`m H|$Xi JmdmVrb \$mXam§À`m ~mo{S>ªJ_Ü`o R>odbo.

\$mXa ~°pßQ>ñQ> _w„a Ë`mdoir H|$Xi {_eZMo à_wI hmoVo. hþema Agboë`m Omogo\$da \$mXa _w„a Iye hmoVo. _mÌ `mM H$mimV n{hbo _hm`wÕ gwê$ Pmbo. B§½b§S> Am{U O_©ZrMo d¡a Agë`mZo {~«{Q>em§Zr Ë`mH$mimV qhXwñWmZmV Agboë`m O_©Z {_eZatZm AQ>H$ Ho$br Am{U Ë`mn¡H$s H$mhtZm XoemVyZ hmH$byZ {Xbo. O_©Z ZmJ[aH$ Agboë`m \$mXa _w„a `m§Zmhr Ë`m_wio Ho$§Xi gmoS>mdo bmJbo. H|$XiMr {_eZ ~mo{SªJ H$mhr H$mi ~§X nS>br AZ Omogo\$ nwÝhm Amnë`m Kar naVbm. nwT>o OÝ_mZo \$§M Agbobo \$mXa Om°Z _oar ~oO} `m§Mr KmoJaJmdmVyZ H|$Xi `oWo ~Xbr Pmbr Am{U VoWrb ~mo{S>ªJ_Ü`o Omogo\$Mo {ejU nwÝhm gwê$ Pmbo. {_eZatÀ`m OrdZmMm Ë`mÀ`m _Zmda à^md nS>bm Am{U AmnUhr Y_©Jwê$ hmoD$Z g_mOmMr godm H$amdr Ago Ë`mbm dmQy> bmJbo.

amhmË`mVrb `oeyg§Kr` O_©Z Y_©Jwê$ \$mXa hoZ«r {S>~oëg `m§ZmgwÜXm _hm`wÕm_wio AQ>H$ Pmbr hmoVr. Ë`m_wio Ë`mdoir ~moaga `oWo Agbobo \$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Mr amhmVm {_eZ H|$ÐmV ~Xbr Pmbr hmoVr. gZ 1917 _Ü`o \$mXa ~oO} `m§Zr Omogo\$bm amhmVm `oWo {eH$m`bm nmR>dbo. nwT>o \$mXa ~oO]À`mM {dZ§Vr_wio \$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Zr Omogo\$bm Ah_XZJaÀ`m {_{bQ>ar ñHy$b_Ü`o B§J«OrÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r nmR>dbo. Ah_XZJa `oWo \$mXa S>çw~Q>© `m§Zr Ë`mbm B§J«Or {eH${dbo. \$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Zr Z§Va Omogo\$bm `oeyg§Kr` Y_©Jwê$§À`m nwÊ`mVrb g|Q> {dÝg|Q> hm`ñHy$b_Ü`o XmIb Ho$bo.

Omogo\$bm Y_©Jwê$nXmMr Xrjm XoÊ`mg E_EgE\$Eg `m g§ñWoVrb H$mhr Y_©Jwê$§Mm {damoY hmoVm. Omogo\$ `m§Mo dS>rb qhXy hmoVo. Omogo\$ EH$ _hma hmoVm Am{U Vmon`ªV _hma g_mOmVrb EH$mhr ì`º$sbm Y_©Jwê$Mr {Xjm XoÊ`mV Ambr ZìhVr. Ë`m{edm` Zì`mZoM {¼ñVr Pmboë`m VéUmbm Jwé{Xjm XoUo `mo½` Zmhr Ago H$mhr Y_©Jwê§$Mo åhUUo hmoVo. _mÌ Omogo\$bm Amnë`m E_EgE\$Eg g§ñWoV àdoe Úmdm `m~m~V \$mXa Om{H$`a~m~m AJXr R>m_ hmoVo. `m VéUmg Y_©Jwê$nXmMo {ejU XoÊ`mM H$mhrM dmdJo Zmhr Ago Ë`m§Mo _V hmoVo.

\$mXa Om{H$`a ho KmoJaJmdmgma»`m J«m_rU ^mJmV H$m`©aV Agbo Var Ë`m§À`m \$mÝg{bAZ g§ñWoV Vo EH$ Á`oð> Y_©Jwê$ hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m eãXmg `m g§ñWoV _mZ hmoVm. Ë`m_wio AIoarg E_EgE\$Eg g§ñWoÀ`m A{YH$mè`m§Zr Om{H$`a~m~m§Mo EoH$bo Am{U Omogo\$À`m Y_©Jwê$nXmMo {ejU KoÊ`mMm _mJ© _moH$im Pmbm. ZmJnyaMo {~en H$m°nob `m§Zr Amnë`m Y_©àm§VmgmR>r Y_©Jwê$nXmMo C_oXdma åhUyZ Omogo\$Mr {ZdS> Ho$br. Omogo\$Zo {ÌMZmnëbr `oWrb g|Q> nm°b go{_ZarV Y_©Jwê$ hmoÊ`mMo à{ejU KoÊ`mgmR>r àdoe KoVbm. Ë`mÀ`m CÀM {ejUmMm IM© H$aÊ`mgmR>r \$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Zr Amnë`m _m`XoemVrb åhUOo \$mÝg_Yrb g°ìhmo` `oWrb g|Q>-Owbr`ZÀ`m XmoZ _{hbm§H$Sy>Z Am{W©H$ _XV {_i{dbr hmoVr. go{_ZarVM Omogo\$Zo Amnbo _wÝVmoS>o ho AmS>Zmd ~XbyZ _moÝVoaom ho AmS>Zmd KoVbo hmoVo.

ZmJnya `oWo 8 {S>g|~a 1930 amoOr Omogo\$ `m§Zm Y_©Jwê$nXmMr {Xjm {_imbr. \$mXa _moÝVoamo `m§Mr ZmJnyaÀ`m g|Q> Om°Z hm`ñHy$b_Ü`o {ejH$ åhUyZ {Z`wº$s Pmbr. emioV Vo B§J«Or, b°{Q>Z Am{U B{Vhmg {df` {eH$dy bmJbo. `mM H$mimV Ë`§mMm \$mXa doQ>o{b`a `m§À`mer n[aM` Pmbm Am{U Ë`m§Zm naXoe Xm¡è`mMr g§Yr {_imbr. amo_, BQ>br Am{U `oey {¼ñVmMr OÝ_^y_r Agboë`m n°boñQ>mB©Zbm Ë`m§Zr ^oQ> {Xbr.

naXoe Xm¡è`mZ§Va naVë`mZ§Va ZmJnyaÀ`m {~enm§Z§r Ë`m§Mr KmoJaJmd `oWo Zo_UyH Ho$br. n{hë`m _hm`wÕmMm H$mi g§në`mZ§Va O_©Z Y_©Jwê$ nwÝhm qhXwñWmZmV naVbo hmoVo. \$mXa _moÝVoam|Mo _mJ©Xe©H$ Am{U Jwé Agbobo \$mXa Om{H$`ahr amhmË`mhÿZ Amnbr H$_©^y_r Agboë`m _mirKmoJaJmdmV naV Ambo hmoVo. Amnë`m JwéÀ`mM hmVmImbr H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr \$mXa _moÝVoam|Zm {_imbr. Ë`mZ§Va \$mXa _moÝVoamo `m§Zr ~moaga `oWo Am{U A_amdVr `oWohr H$m`© Hobo.

`mM H$mimV Ah_XZJa {OëømVrb Am{U _amR>dmS>çmVrb nydm©l_rMm Añn¥í` Agbobm _amR>r {¼ñVr g_mO g§KQ>rV hmoD$Z amIrd OmJm Am{U BVa gdbVr§Mr _mJUr H$é bmJbm hmoVm. gZ 1952 _Ü`o d¡Omnya VmbwŠ`mVrb dmhoJmd _m§Oar `oWo \$mXa _moÝVoamo `m§À`m nwT>mH$mamZo Zì`mZoM ñWmnZ Pmboë`m H°Wmo{bH$ g§KmMo A{YdoeZ ^adÊ`mV Ambo. _amR>r {¼ñVr g_mOmÀ`m àJVrgmR>r {_eZè`m§Zr B§JOr _mÜ`_mÀ`m emim gwê$ H$amì`mV Aerhr _mJUr `m A{YdoeZmV H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`mH$mimV _amR>dmS>çmVrb {_eZH|$ÝÐo ZmJnyaÀ`m {~enm§À`m AIË`marV hmoVr. Ë`m§Mr nadmZJr KoD$Z \$mXa _moÝVoamo `m§À`m à`ËZm§Zr Am¡a§Jm~mX `oWo {bQ>b âbm°da ñHy$b hr emim gwê$ Pmbr. AemàH$mao _hmamï´>mVrb X{bV g_mOmVyZ Amboë`m Zd{¼ñVr g_mOmgmR>r n{hë`md{hë`m B§J«Or _mÜ`_mÀ`m emioMr _whÿV©_oT> amodbr Jobr. Am¡a§Jm~mXbm ~Xbr Pmë`mZ§Va `m emioMm ^¸$_ nm`m Ë`m§Zr V`ma Ho$bm. ZmJnya `oWrb g|Q> \$mpÝgg S>r goëg AnmoñVmo{bH$ ñHy$bMo aoŠQ>a åhUyZ H$mhr H$mi H$m_ Ho$ë`mZ§Va nwÝhm åhUOo 27 Owb¡ 1954 amoOr Vo nwÝhm KmoJaJmd `oWo naVbo. VoWrb {_eZ H|$ÐmMo à_wI \$mXa nrQ>a nm°b `m§À`mH$Sy>Z Ë`m§Zr `m J«m_rU ^mJmMr O~m~Xmar ñdrH$mabr.

_moÝVoamo \$mXam§Zr KmoJaJmdmV {_eZ H§$nmD§$S> ~m§Ybo. VoWo H°$Q>o{H$ñQ> Q´>oqZJ g|Q>a gwê$ Ho$bo. `m g|Q>a_YyZ à{ejU KoD$Z `m n[agam§Vrb bmoH$m§Mo gm_m{OH$ Am{U AmÜ`mpË_H$ à~moYZ H$aUmao AZoH$ {ejH$ V`ma Pmbo. _mñVa `m nXdrZo AmoiIbo OmUmè`m `m {e{jV _§S>itZr Amnë`m AS>mUr, AmVmn`ªV nyU©V: Cno{jV Agboë`m g_mOmMo ZoV¥Ëd Ho$bo. ~wdmOr nR>mao, _mñVa, _Zmoha {eZJmao _mñVa dJ¡ao Zmdo `m n[agam§Vrb n§MH«$moerV bmoH$m§Zm AmOhr n[aM`mMr AmhoV Vo Ë`m§Zr Ho$boë`m H$m_m_wioM. KmoJaJmdmVrb {_eZÀ`m g§V Omogo\$ àemioV {eHy$Z nwT>o AZoH$ Vê$U Y_©Jwê$ Pmbo. Am¡a§Jm~mX Y_©àm§VmÀ`m {d{dY Y_©J«m_m§Vrb Xodim§V Vo Y_©Jwê$ Am{U emim§Mo àmMm`©, {ejH$ dJ¡ao O~m~Xmè`m Vo gm§^miV AmhoV.

\$mXa _moÝVoamo `m§Zm 29 OmZodmar 1970 amoOr njKmVmÀ`m AmOmamZo {Iibo. `m amoJmer gmS>oZD$ df} gm_Zm Ho$ë`mZ§Va 18 OyZ 1979 aomOr _amR>r {¼ñVr g_mOmVrb `m n{hë`m {_eZarMo {ZYZ Pmbo. Ë`m§À`m BÀN>oZwgma Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§À`m Jwé§À`m åhUOo Om{H$`a~m~m§À`m H$~aonmerM {Ma{ZÐm XoÊ`mV Ambr. Om{H$`a~m~m§À`m g_mYrbm ^oQ> XoUmao ^m{dH$ `m _hmZ ào{fVmÀ`m na_{eî`mbmhr AmXam§Obr dmhVmV.

g§X^©:

1) Eg `y ~«m÷Uo, 'n{hbo \$i - ~m~m _w§ÝVoamo' '{Zamoß`m' _m{gH$, 1979 (nmZo 195 Vo 197) )

{dX^m©Vrb n{hbo nmMmaU - ~«Xa n°{Q´>H$ Vm`S>o

n°{Q´>H$ Vm`S>o `m§Mm {dX^m©V AMbnya `oWo 1894 gmbr OÝ_ Pmbm. nwVm~mB© Am{U ~{iam_ ho Ë`m§Mo AmB©d{S>b. µ\$mXa AZ}ñQ> WoìhZoQ> (E_EgE\$Eg) `m§Zr Ë`m§Mm 4 E{àb 1904 amoOr ~m{áñ_m Ho$bm hmoVm. AMbnya `oWrb H°$Q>o{H$ñQ> emioV {eH$ë`mZ§Va VoWrb {_eZ H|$ÐmV Ë`m§Zr H$mhr H$mi H$m_ Ho$bo. KmoJaJmd `oWo \$mXa Om{H$`a `m§À`m hmVmImbr 1918 Vo 1925 `m H$mimV Ë`m§Zr {_eZ H$m`© Ho$bo. VoWo H$m_ H$aV AgVmZm Om{H$`a~m~m§à_mUo AmnUhr Y_©Jwê$ hmoD$Z bmoH$m§Mr godm H$amdr Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>bo. Om{H$`a~m~m§À`m CÎmoOZm_wio Ë`m§Zr 1924 gmbr E_EgE\$Eg g§ñWoV XmIb hmoÊ`mgmR>r AO© Ho$bm.

n°{Q´>H$ `m§Zr ~«Xa hmoÊ`mMr BÀN>m ì`º$ Ho$br Voìhm Ë`mdoir E_EgE\$Eg g§ñWoMo àm§Vm{YH$mar Agboë`m \$mXa Aë\$m°Ýg bm[admP `m§Zr g§ñWoMo gw{n[a`a OZab \$mXa Owëg H$mo_agZ `m§Zm `m g§X^m©V 27 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1924 amoOr nwT>rb nÌ {b{hbo hmoVo.:

''EH$m Vê$UmZo Amnë`m g§ñWoV ~«Xa åhUyZ {Xjm ñdrH$maÊ`mMr BÀN>m ì`º$ Ho$br Amho. \$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Zr Ë`mMr {e\$mag Ho$br Amho. hm Vê$U _hma OmVrMm Amho. Vmo A§JmV YmoVa KmbVmo, _amR>r ~mobVmo Am{U H$mhr dmŠ` B§J«OrV ~moby eH$Vmo. Jobr AZoH$ df} Vmo KmoJaJmd {_eZ H|$ÐmV H$m_ H$aVmo Amho. Ë`mÀ`m H$m_m{df`r gd©M OU g_mYmZr AmhoV.

_mÌ n°{Q´>H$ `m§Zm Amnë`m g§ñWoV ~«Xa hmoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mdoirM àdoe XoÊ`m~m~V {~en H$m°nob `m§Mm {damoY Amho. ~«Xa hmoD$ BpÀN>Umè`m ñWm{ZH$ Vê$Um§Mr EH$ ñdV§Ì g§ñWm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMm Ë`m§Mm EH$ g§H$ën hmoVm. `m g§ñWoVrb d«Xam§Zr qhXwñWmZr na§naoZwgma Amnbr OrdZe¡br Mmby R>odmdr, Amnë`m g§ñWoVrb BVa ~«Xam§À`m nmíVmË` OrdZe¡brMo Ë`m§Zr AZwH$aU H$ê$ Z`o Ago Ë`m§Mo _V Amho. _mÌ {~enm§Mo ho ñdßZ gmH$ma hmoUo AdKS> Amho, Ë`mMo H$maU åhUOo ~«Xa hmoÊ`mgmR>r CËgwH$ AgUmè`m `mo½` Am{U nmÌ C_oXdmam§Mr g§»`m IynM H$_r Amho. qhXwñWmZr ~«Xam§Mr g§ñWm ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m Ë`m§À`m `m g§H$ënmg Aem àH$mao hmoUmè`m {damoYm_wio {~enm§Mm n°{Q´>H$bm Amnë`m g§ñWoV XmIb H$aÊ`m~m~VMm {damoY H$_r Pmbm Amho. ''Vwåhmbm H$m` H$am`Mo Agob Vo H$am", Ago Ë`m§Zr _bm åhQ>bo Amho. Aem n[apñWVrV Amåhr n°{Q´>H$bm Amnë`m \$mÝg{bAZ g§ñWoV àdoe {Xbm Va Mmbob H$m?"'

`m nÌmMm AZwHy$b n[aUm_ Pmbm. à{VHy$b n[apñWVrMr AS>Wù`m§Mr hr e`ªV nma Ho$ë`mZ§Va n°{Q´>H$ E_EgE\$Eg `m g§ñWoV XmIb Pmbm. _hmamï´>mVrb Ë`mdoiÀ`m Añn¥í` g_mOmV gdm©V A{YH$ g§»`oZo Agboë`m _hma OmVrVrb EH$ Vê$U amo_Z H°$Wmo{bH$ Y_©_hm_§S>imÀ`m Y_©Jwê§$À`m g§ñWoMm EH$ ^mJ Pmbm. Ë`mnydu, Mma df} AmYr `m g_mOmÀ`mM Omogo\$ _moÝVoamo `m§Zr 1922 gmbr E_EgE\$Eg g§ñWoV Y_©Jwê$ hmoÊ`mgmR>r àdoe KoVbm hmoVm.

_moÝVoamo Am{U Vm`S>o `m§Mm \$mÝg{bAZ g§ñWoV g_mdoe hr EH$ AË`§V _moR>r _hÎdmMr gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm åhUmdr bmJob. Cƒd{U©`m§Zr {PS>H$maboë`m, JmdHw$gm~mhoa hmH$bboë`m Am{U Xodim§Vhr àdoe ZmH$maboë`m ñWm{ZH$ Añn¥í` g_mOmÀ`m VgoM OmJ{VH$ {¼ñVr Y_©g§ñWoÀ`m B{VhmgmVrb hr Z¸$sM EH$ _moR>r Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm hmoVr. Jmoè`m dUm©Mo OmJ{VH$ nmVirda à^wËd AgVmZm H°$Wmo{bH$ Y_©_hm_§S>imV H$mù`m dUm©À`m ì`º$sMr Y_©Jwê$nXmgmR>r dm {~ennXmgmR>r {ZdS> Pmbr `mbm {OVHo$ _hÎd Amho, {VVHo$M `m KQ>Zoghr _hÎd Amho. Ë`mH$mimV àM{bV Agbobr dU©ì`dñWm dm d§edmX PwH$mê$Z XoUo OdiOdi AeŠ` hmoVo.

nwT>rb H$mhr XeH$m§À`m H$mimV _hmamï´>mVrb Añn¥í` g_mOmVrb AZoH$ bmoH$m§Zr Ë`m§À`mda bmXbobo X{bVËd PwS>H$mdyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r {¼ñVr Y_m©Mm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm. AmO `mM g_mOmVrb AZoH$OU {¼ñVr Y_©Jwê$ åhUyZ _Ü` _hmamï´>mV, _amR>dmS>çmV Am{U {dX^m©V H$m_ H$aV AmhoV.

\$mÝg{bAZ g§ñWoÀ`m {demImnÅ>U_ `oWrb _R>mV C_oXdma åhUyZ n°{Q´>H$ `m§Zr 31 _mM© 1926 amoOr àdoe Ho$bm. ~«Xa åhUyZ d«V~§Y ñdrH$maë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m Jwê§$~amo~a, Om{H$`a~m~m§~amo~a KmoJaJmdmV 1943 n`ªV `m {_eZ H|$ÐmV H$m_ Ho$bo. nwT>o ZmJnwamVrb g|Q> Om°Z hm`ñHy$b_Ü`o Am{U Q>opŠZH$b ñHy$b_Ü`o Amnë`m Am`wî`mÀ`m AIoan`ªV ~«Xa n°{Q´>H$ Vm`S>o `m§Zr godm Ho$br. d`mÀ`m 91ì`m dfu åhUOo 1985 gmbr Ë`m§Mo {ZYZ Pmbo.

g§X^©:

1) Eg `w ~«m÷Uo, 'n{hbo \$i - ~m~m _w§ÝVoamo' '{Zamoß`m' _m{gH$, 1979 (nmZo 195 Vo 197)

Fr Jacquierbaba presented a scroll of honour

KmoJaJmdMo \$mXa Om{H$`a~m~m (Am¡a§Jm~mX {OëømVrb {¼ñVr {_eZ H$m`© - B g.1892 nmgyZ)

H$m{_b nmaIo

gwJmdm àH$meZ

19) Om{H$`a~m~m§Zm JmdH$è`m§H$Sy>Z _mZnÌ

Om{H$`a~m~m§À`m Jwé{XjoÀ`m nÝZmgmì`m dYm©nZm{Z{_Îm `m n[agamVrb bmoH$m§Zr 3 {S>g|~a 1940 amoOr _moR>m gU gmOam H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm _mZnÌ XoD$Z Ë`m§À`m `moJXmZm~Ôb H¥$VkVm ì`º$ Ho$br hmoVr. `m àg§JmMm d¥Îmm§V '{Zamoß`m'À`m 1941 À`m \o$~«wdmarÀ`m A§H$mV à{gÕ Pmbm hmoVm.

Om{H$`a~m~m§À`m Jwé{XjoMm nÞmgmdm dYm©nZ{XZ

KmoJaJmd `oWo Joë`m {Sg|~a Vm. 3 , EH$ bjmV dmQ>Ê`mOmoJm g_ma§^ Pmbm. Var ho Jmd Hw$R>o Amho ho nwîH$i dmMH$m§Zm R>mD$H$ Zgë`m_wio Ë`mMo WmoS>ogo dU©Z H$amdo bmJVo. Ah_XZJanmgyZ gw_mao nÝZmg _¡bm§À`m A§Vamda, CÎmaoH$S>rb {ZOm_À`m g§ñWmZm_Ü`o EH$ bhmZ Jmd Amho. nÝZmg dfmªnydu Ë`mMo Zmd XoIrb _mhrV ZìhVo, Ë`mbm Ë`m doir H$moëøm§Mr dñVr åhQ>bo Var Ë`m§V H$mhrM An_mZ dmQ>V Zmhr. nU AmVm Ah_XZJa d Zm{eH$ `m XmoZ {Oëøm§_Ü`o gd© H$°Wmo{bH$ {¼ñVr bmoH$m§Zm ho Jm§d _mhrV Amho. ZmJnya Am{U nwUo `m XmoZ _moR>çm eham§n`ªV Ë`mMr H$sVu Ambobr Amho. H$moUr ZJanmgyZ `oD$Z JmoXmdar ZXrVyZ nma Jobo Va Ë`mbm bm§~yZ EH$ \$ma C§M XoD$i {XgVo. `wamo{n`Z Agbo Va Ë`mbm AmnmoAmn g_mYmZ dmQ>ob, H$maU Ë`mbm Amnë`m OÝ_JmdmMr AmR>dU `oB©b d {dbm`Vr {¼ñVr Jmd EH$mEH$s Ë`mÀ`m Ñï>rnwT>o CËnÝZ Pmbobo Amho Ago Ë`mbm dmQ>ob.

`mM KmoJaJmdm§_Ü`o EH$ _moR>r Á`w{~br hmoUma hmoVr. Á`m{H$`o \$mXa Jwéñdm_r Pmbo, Ë`m§Mm nÞmgmdm dmT>{Xdg Odi Ambm hmoVm. åhUyZ gd© {_eZm§_Ü`o gd© bmoH$ bhmZ Wmoa `m Á`w{~brMr V`mar H$aV am{hbo. \$mXadmS>rV {deofH$ê$Z _moR>r hmbMmb CS>mbr. \$mXa {S>_obmo am̧{Xdg OmJo am{hbo. bmoH$m§Zm Am_§ÌU H$aUo, Á`w{~brg§~§Yr _mñVa bmoH$m§Zm Amnmnbo H$m`© dmQ>{dUo, emioÀ`m _wbm§g doJdoJù`m gyMZm XoUo, ZmQ>H$ V`ma H$aUo ho gd© H$moUr Ho$bo, {S>_obmo \$mXaZo.

gm_m{OH$ OodUm§dmMyZ qhXwñWmZmV _moR>m g_ma§^ hmoVmo H$m`? ZmhrM. H$maU XwX£dmZo _mZd AmËå`mbm EH$ OS> , AZoH$ ì`º$s¨_Ü`o EH$ OmS> d ImXmS> eara OmoS>bobo AgVo. Ë`mÀ`m JaOm ^anya Va H$moU nwadUma Amho, nm{ÌH$ ~«Xa. nm{ÌH$ H$moU, Vmo KmoJaJmd {_eZMm haH$m_r, emioMm hoS>_mñVa, b½Zdmë`m§Mm {ejH$, ñd`§nmŠ`m§Mm XoIaoI H$aUmam, KmoS>çmdmbm, JmS>rdmbm `m§Mm _mbH$, {_eZ-eoVH$è`m§Mm MmbH$, Ë`m§À`m{edm` KmoJaJmd {_eZ H$pënVm `oV Zmhr. Ë`m§Zm n{hë`m doiog nm{hë`m~amo~a gwê$ Pmboë`m _moQ>ma-BÝOrZmMr H$ënZm _mÂ`m _ZmV Ambr. hoM ~«Xa nm{ÌH$. Ë`m§À`m hþHw$_mZo JmoS>JmoS> AmoPo dmhUmè`m JmS>çm§Mm g_wXm` \$mXam§À`m ~§Jë`mg_moa C^m hmoVmo. nm{ÌH$ ~«XaMo ImobrV JwimMm S>m|Ja {Z_m©U hmoV Amho, Ë`m§À`mnwT>o Ë`mMo amoS>Ho$ ê$n Odi Zmhrgo hmoVo. `m JmoS>rMr {dnwbVm n§Yam {_{ZQ>m§V nmoQ>mÀ`m gmJamV ~wSy>Z OmB©b. Á`m{H$`o \$mXa _m`miy AmËå`mà_mUo àH$m{eV Vm|S>mZo d em§V _ZmZo Amnë`m boH$am§Mr JS>~S> nmhVmV.

Á`w{~brÀ`m AmXë`m {Xder \$mXadmS>r gUmMm nmoemI YmaU H$aVo. MmohmoH$Sy>Z H$mnS>r d H$mJXr {ZemUo dmè`mZo \$S>H$VmV. hiyhiy ~mhoaJmdm§À`m _§S>ù`m dmS>r_Ü`o nmohmoMVmV. XodimV XwnmanmgyZ g§Ü`mH$min`ªV ~arM _§S>ir àm`píMÎm gmH«$m_|V KoVo. hr gdmªH$Sy>Z g_ma§^mMr CÎm_ V`mar Amho. {VOH$Sy>Z nwîH$i AmpË_H$ \$m`Xm {_iVmo. 6 dmOVm g§Ü`mH$mir {VKo \$mXa `oVmV. Ë`mnoH$s XmoZ nydu Á`m{H$`o \$mXaMo A{gñQ>§Q> hmoVo åhUyZ Vo nmhÿZ Ë`m§Zm A{VAmZ§X dmQ>Vmo. 9 dmOVm g_ma§^mMr gwê$dmV hmoVo. gd© \$mXa Am{U bmoH$ _¥X§Jm§À`m AmdmOm_Ü`o XodimnwT>o O_m hmoVmV. n{hbr ~m~ åhUOo A{Zdm`© _mZnÌ. gd© bmoH$ Amnë`m JwéMr ñVwVr EoH$m`bm _moR>çm CËH§$Q>oZo dmQ> nmhÿZ ~gVmV. _¥Xw§JmMm d Q>mim§Mm AmdmO gwê$ Pmë`m~amo~a Jßnm ~§X H$ê$Z gd© bmoH$ Amnbo S>moio H$mZ Ë`mH$S>o bm{dVmV. ^OZmV EdT>o AmíM`©H$maH$ gm_Ï`© AgVo. _mZnÌ, Oa EImÚm _moR>çm n§{S>VmZo Vo Eo{H$bo AgVo Va Ë`mbm _moR>o g_mYmZ Pmbo AgVo H$s _amR>r ^mfoV gmYmaU Jmoï>r AgmYmaU, _moR>çm Am{U C§M eãXm§Zr {H$Vr CÎm_ arVrZo ñnï> H$aVm `oVmV. \$mXaMo CÎma gmÜ`m ^mfoV AgyZ gdmªbm EH$X_ H$iyZ MwH$bo. Ë`m§Zr gd© AmXa B©ídamH$S>o bm{dbm Am{U Amnë`m Ym{_©H$ {ejUm_Ü`o bhmZnUmnmgyZ Amnë`m AmB©Zo _w»` ^mJ KoVbm ho H¥$VkVoZo H$~yb H$obo. _hmamï´>mV ~m`m Amnë`m boH$am§Mo Ym{_©H$ {ejU H$arV ZmhrV Vmon`ªV {¼ñVrnUm Imob OmUma Zmhr. ho bmoH$m§À`m _ZmV R>gdyZ R>odyZ Ë`m§Zm Amnë`m _wbrÀ`m {ejUmH$S>o A{YH$ bj bmdmd`mg Ë`m§Zr gwM{dbo. Z§Va ES>_§X H°$på``Z `m§Mo ZmQ>H$ gwê$ Pmbo. nU nmdgmMo WmoS>o W§o~ Amë`m_wio Oam JS>~S> CËnÝZ Pmbr Am{U ZmQ>H$dmë`m§À`m l_mg `mo½` _mob {_imbo Zmhr.

Vm. 3 Á`m{H$`o \$mXam§Zr _moR>r {_ñgm An©U Ho$br Am{U gdmªMr àmW©Zm d ñdV:Mo CnH$ma B©ídamnwT>o R>o{dbo. \$mXa Jo~Q>© Amnë`m _§S>it~amo~a {_ñgoMr Jm`Zo H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zr ghO EH$m _moR>çm XodimÀ`m Jm`Z_§S>ir~amo~a MT>mAmoT> Ho$br AgVr. Jm°Zgmëdog \$mXaZo CnXoe H$ê$Z bmoH$m§da Á`m{H$`o \$mXaH$Sy>Z B©ídamZo Ho$dT>o _moR>o CnH$ma Ho$bo ho ñnï>nUo gdmªZm XmI{dbo. {_ñgo_Ü`o gw. 600 bmoH$m§Zr {¼ñVeara gmH«$_|V KoVbo.

`m Á`w{~brH$Sy>Z {¼ñVr Am{U \$mXa bmoH$m§Mm A{YH$ {ZH$Q> g§~§Y OS>bm d gdmªMm AmÜ`mpË_H$ bm^ Pmbm hr Va AmZ§XmMr ~mV_r Amho.''

g§X^©:

1) {Zamoß`m _m{gH$, \o$~«wdmar 1941 (nmZ 170, 171) 

Fr Jacquierbaba in his old age

KmoJaJmdMo \$mXa Om{H$`a~m~m (Am¡a§Jm~mX {OëømVrb {¼ñVr {_eZ H$m`© - B g.1892 nmgyZ)

H$m{_b nmaIo

gwJmdm àH$meZ

18) CVmad`mVrb {_eZ H$m`©

\$mXa Om{H$`a \$mÝghÿZ qhXwñWmZmV naVë`mZ§Va E_EgE\$Eg g§ñWoÀ`m A{YH$mè`m§Zr Ë`m§Mr nwÝhm EH$Xm KmoJaJmdmV Zo_UyH$ Ho$br. gZ 1929 À`m \o$~«wdmarV Amnë`m KmoJaJmdr Om{H$`a~m~m§Zr 'nwZ:íM har Amo_' åhUV _moR>çm CËgmhmZo Amnbo {_eZ H$m`© gwê$ Ho$bo. Ë`mZ§Va Ë`m§À`m Am`wî`mÀ`m AIoan`ªV Ë`m§À`m g§ñWoÀ`m A{YH$mè`m§Zr Ë`m§Mr BVaÌ Hw$R>ohr ~Xbr Ho$br Zmhr. Omon`©§V Ë`m§À`m earamZo Ë`m§Zm gmW {Xbr Vmon`ªV Om{H$`a~m~m H$ï> H$aV amhrbo. KmoJaJmdmV Ë`m§Zr amodboë`m ~rOmMo amonQ>çmV Am{U Z§Va dQ>d¥jmV ê$nm§Va Pmë`mMo nmhÊ`mMo ^m½` Ë`m§Zm bm^bo. `m dQ>d¥jmMm ngmam Ë`m§À`m h`mVrV KmoJaJmd, dmhoJmd, J§Jmnya, ~moaga, H$ÞS>, d¡Omnya Am{U bmohJmd-{~S>H$sZ dJ¡ao n[agamn`ªV ngabm hmoVm.

gZ 1931 _Ü`o \$mXa nrQ>a E_ \$ZmªS>rg ho Zì`mZoM {Xjm ñdrH$mabobo Y_©Jwê$ \$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Mo ghm`H$ åhUyZ éOy Pmbo. am\$m`b ZmWy {eZJmao `m KmoJaJmdmVrb Am{U _amR>dmS>çmVrb n{hë`m H°$Wmo{bH$ ì`º$sMo 12 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1931 amoOr {ZYZ Pmbo. Ah_XZJa {OëømVrb diU JmdMo OmdB© Agboë`m am\$m`b `m§À`mM nwT>mH$mam_wio diU `oWo ê$Oboë`m {¼ñVr Y_m©À`m amonQ>çmMo ~rO _amR>dmS>çmV AmUÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m_wioM {ZOm_ amOdQ>rVrb _amR>dmS>çmVrb n{hbo H°$Wmo{bH$ {_eZ H|$Ð KmoJaJmdmV 1892 _Ü`o gwê$ Pmbo hmoVo. Ë`mZ§Va KmoJaJmd {_eZ H|$ÐmVrb _w»` H°$Q>o{H$ñQ> åhUyZ \$mXa Om{H$`a Am{U BVa Y_©Jwê$§À`m hmVmImbr Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ df} H$m_ Ho$bo hmoVo.

nwÊ`mMo AmM©{~en hoZ«r S>mo[a¨J `m§Zr 8 OmZodmar 1933 amoOr KmoJaJmdbm ^oQ> {Xbr. ZmJnyaMo {~en H$m°nob AmOmar Agë`mZo ÑT>rH$aU gm§H«$m_|V XoÊ`mgmR>r nwÊ`mÀ`m AmM©{~enm§Zm ~mobmdÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. JmdmÀ`m doernmerM AmM©{~en S>mo[a¨J `m§Mo \$mXa \$m°aob, \$mXa Á`mo \$ZmªS>rg, H°$Q>o{H$ñQ> emioÀ`m à{ejUmWvZr Am{U O_boë`m {¼íMZm§Zr CËgmhmZo ñdmJV Ho$bo. Ë`m g§Ü`mH$mir {~enm§À`m CnpñWVrV _amR>r ZmQ>H$ gmXa H$aÊ`mV Ambo. nwÊ`mVrb 'ñZohgXZ' `oWyZ `oeyg§Kr`m§V\}$ AmOhr à{gÜX hmoUmè`m '{Zamoß`m' `m _amR>r _m{gH$mMo AmM©{~en ho g§ñWmnH$-g§nmXH$. ho _m{gH$ Ë`m§Zr 1903 À`m E{àb _{hÝ`mV amhþarOdirb H|$Xi-diU `oWo gwê$ Ho$bo hmoVo. diU `oWo 12 df} {_eZ H$m`© Ho$boë`m AmM©{~en S>mo[a¨J `m§Mo _amR>r ^mfoda Mm§JboM à^wËd hmoVo.<sup>1</sup> Xwgè`m {Xder gH$mir Pmboë`m _moR>çm {_ñgoV 200 ì`º$s¨Zm ÑT>rH$aU gm§H«$m_}Îm XoÊ`mV Ambo. Z§Va 10 OmZodmarbm ~moaga `oWo OmD$Z AmM©{~enm§Zr 180 OUm§Zm ÔT>rH$aU {Xbo. Ë`mdoir 74 df} d` Agbobo AmM©{~en S>mo[a¨J Voìhmhr Mm§JboM g{H«$` hmoVo.

\$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Zr gZ 1933 AmUIr VrZ Jmdm§V {_eZ H$m`© gwê$ H$obo. Vmon`ªV KmoJaJmd {_eZ H|$ÐmÀ`m AIË`m[aV 60 Jmdm§Mm g_mdoe Pmbm hmoVm. `m Jmdm§Vrb bmoH$m§Mr AmÜ`mpË_H$ Am{U e¡j{UH$ O~m~Xmar 21 _mñVa Am{U ghm H°$Q>o{H$ñQ> gm§^miV hmoVo.

H$m°bè`mÀ`m gmWr_wio 1933 gmbr \$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Zm KmoJaJmdmVrb H°$Q>o{H$ñQ> emim H$mhr _{hZo ~§X H$aUo ^mJ nS>bo. KmoJaJmd Am{U ~moaga `oWrb H°$Q>o{H$ñQ> emim Ë`m H$mimVrb `m n[agamVrb CÀM {ejUmMr H|$Ðo hmoVr Ago {XgVo. AmOy~mOyÀ`m JmdmVrb hþema _wbm§Zr `m emim§V {eH$mdo Aer nmbH$m§Mr Anojm Ago. 1933 À`m _o _{hÝ`mV \$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Zr Amnë`m {_eZ H|$ÐmVrb 1015 do b½Z bmdbo Ago Ë`m§Zr ñdV: {bhÿZ R>odbo Amho. ñWm{ZH$ _amR>r {¼ñVr g_mOmVrb n{hbo Y_©Jwê$ \$mXa Omogo\$ _m|Voamo Am{U ~«Xa n°{Q´>H$ Vm`S>o Om{H$`a~m~m§À`m _XVrbm hmoVo.

gZ 1935 gmbr \$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Zr {b{hbo : ''28 Am°ŠQ>mo~a Vo 2 Zmoìh|~a `m H$mimV KmoJaJmdmV Vn Am`mo{OV H$aÊ`mV Ambo. {_eZmVrb H°$Q>o{H$ñQ>, Ë`m§À`m nËZr, H°$Q>o{H$ñQ> emioMo [dÚmWu Am{U BVa {¼íMZm§Zr VnmV ^mJ KoVbm. `mdoir 300 OUm§Zr n{dÌ H$å`w{Z`Z ñdrH$mabo. {¼ñVamOm _§{XamV AmVm g|Q> [\$bmo{_Zm Am{U ~mi `oeyMr g§V VoaoOm `m§Mo nwVio C^maÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. Vn Mmby AgVmZm OmoaXma nmdgm_wio XodimÀ`m N>VmVyZ nmÊ`mMr JiVr hmoV hmoVr. Ë`m_wio 335 én`o IM© H$ê$Z _bm qPH$ nÍ`m§Mo N>V C^mamdo bmJbo. {~enm§Mr {VOmoar AmVm nyU© [aH$m_r Pmbr Amho Am{U _bm Va n¡em§Mr IynM JaO Amho.''

Am°JñQ> 1936 _Ü`o Om{H$`a~m~m§Zr {b{hbo Amho : nmdgmMr AOyZhr H$mhr {MÝho {XgV ZmhrV. nmD$g Zmhr Va {nHo$hr ZmhrV. {H$VrVar Hw$Qw>§~m§Zr XwgarH$S>o ñWbm§Va H$aÊ`mAmYr _mPr ^oQ> KoD$Z Amerdm©X KoVbm Amho. amoOJmamgmR>r Jmd gmoS>VmZm Amnbr _wbo~mio ^wHo$_wio _ê$ Z`oV åhUyZ `m _wbm§Zm _r Amnë`m ~mo{S>ªJ_Ü`o R>odmdo Aer Vo _bm {dZ§Vr H$aVmV. Ë`m§Mr hr {dZ§Vr YwS>H$mdyZ bmdUo _bm Va eŠ`M Zmhr. nU Ë`m_wio _mÂ`m X¡Z§{XZ IMm©V àM§S> dmT> hmoUma Amho. Am_À`m eoVmMr AË`§V dmB©Q> AdñWm Pmbr Amho. `mdfu nmdgmA^mdr Amåhm§bm noaUr H$aUogwÕm eŠ` Pmbo Zmhr. gZ 1936 _Ü`o KmoJaJmd {_eZ H|$ÐmV 448 ~m{áñ_o H$aÊ`mV Ambo Am{U 94 b½Zo bmdÊ`mV Ambr. Am_À`m `oWrb ñQ>m\$_Ü`o VrZ Y_©Jwê$, EH$ ~«Xa, 24 _mñVa Am{U 11 H°$Q>o{H$ñQ> AmhoV.''

gZ 1937 À`m OmZodmarV Om{H$`a~m~m§Zr J§Jmnya JmdmV 125 OUm§Zm ~m{áñ_m ñZmZg§ñH$ma {Xbm. J§Jmnya `oWo 200 én`o IM©yZ M°nob ~m§YÊ`mMm Ë`m§Mm BamXm hmoVm.

Om{H$`a~m~m§Zr {_eZ H$m`© gwê$ H$ê$Z nmM XeH$m§Mm H$mbmdYr Amobm§S>bm hmoVm. AmVm Ë`m§Zr d`mMr gÎmar nma Ho$br hmoVr. earamZo Vo WH$V Mmbbo hmoVo Var H$m_ H$aÊ`mMm, Zdo àH$ën Am{U g§H$ën hmVr KoÊ`mMm Ë`m§Mm CËgmh _mÌ AOyZhr H$m`_ hmoVm. gÎmar Amobm§S>ë`mZ§Va 1938 gmbr Om{H$`a~m~m§Zr {b{hbo hmoVo: ''KmoJaJmd {_eZmÀ`m nyd© ^mJmÀ`m AmR> {Xdgm§À`m Xm¡è`mdéZ _r ZwH$VmM naVbmo Amho. gwaio Am{U nwaUJmd `oWo _r nwÝhm EH$Xm emim gwê$ Ho$ë`m AmhoV. `m XmoÝhr Jmdm§V H°$Wmo{bH$m§Mr g§»`m àË`oH$s nÞmg Amho. Jobr drg df} `m XmoÝhr Jmdm§Vrb emim ~§X nS>ë`m hmoË`m. AbrH$S>À`m H$mimV _oW{S>ñQ> {_eZatZr VoWo `oD$Z emim gwê$ H$aÊ`mMo AmídmgZ {Xbo hmoVo. Ë`m{edm` EH$ S>PZmda _wbm§Mm Vo ~m{áñ_mhr H$aUma hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m `m hmbMmbtMr bmoH$m§Zr _bm AJXr doioV H$ënZm {Xbr Am{U {_eZmnmgyZ Xwamdboë`m `m bmoH$m§Zm nwÝhm Amnë`m H$inmV amIÊ`mgmR>r _r YmdyZ Jobmo. gwaio `oWo _r 19 OUm§Zm ~m{áñ_m {Xbm. emioÀ`m _mñVam§gmR>r XmoZ Imoë`m ~m§YÊ`mgmR>r 100 én`o XoÊ`mMo {~enm§Zr _bm AmídmgZ {Xbo Amho. _mÌ `m _mñVam§À`m _m{gH$ nJmamgmR>r AmVm _bm {ZYr C^mamdm bmJUma Amho.''

Om{H$`a~m~m§Mo H$m`© Ho$di AmÜ`mpË_H$ joÌmnwaVo _`m©{XV ZìhVo. ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV J«m_rU ^mJmVrb bmoH$m§À`m OrdZe¡brV gwYmaUm ìhmdr, Ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ Am{U e¡j{UH$ {ñWVrMm XOm© C§Mmdm `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ nmdbo CMbbr. Amnë`m {_eZ H|$ÐmÀ`m hÔrVrb AZoH$ Jmd§mV emim CKSy>Z Ë`m§Zr VoWrb {¼ñVr Am{U {~Ja{¼ñVr bmoH$m§Zm àJVrMr Xmao Iwbr H$ê$Z {Xbr. gmdH$mar_wio IoSy>Vm§Mr Am{W©H$ pñWVr ~a~mX hmoVo ho AmoiIyZ Ë`m§Zr bmoH$m§Zm gmdH$mamÀ`m nmemnmgyZ Xya R>odÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr Cnm` Ho$bo. `oeyg§Kr` Y_©Jwê§$V\}$ Mmb{dë`m OmUmè`m '{Zamoß`m' _m{gH$mÀ`m 1940 À`m Zmoìh|~a A§H$mV à{gÕ Pmbobr nwT>rb ~mV_r à{gÜX Pmbr. hr ~mV_r Om{H$`a~m~m§À`m gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ joÌm§Vrb H$m_{Jar~Õb ~aoM H$mhr g§mJyZ OmVo.

dmhoJmdÀ`m n[afXoVrb R>amd

(KmoJaJmdÀ`m ~mV_rXmamH$Sy>Z)

'' _mJrb A§H$mV '{¼ñVr arV' `m _Wù`mImbr àË`oH$ JmdÀ`m _Zwî`m§Zr Amnbm Jmd H$moUË`mhr n{dÌmÀ`m Aml`mV XoD$Z Ë`màrË`W© gmH«$m_|V| d n.{_ñgm An©U H$ê$Z gU gmOam H$amdm, Aer gyMZm XoÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. `m Jmoï>rbm AZwgê$Z KmoJaJmd hÔrVrb _m¡Oo dmhoJm§d øm {R>H$mUr Vm. 27 AmJñQ> 1940 Bgdr amoOr n. noÌwgmÀ`m Aml`mg XoD$Z _moR>çm g_ma§^mZo gU H$aÊ`mV Ambm, ho H$i{dÊ`mg _bm AË`mZ§X hmoV Amho.

hm Jmd BVa {¼ñVr Jmdm§nojm n{hë`m àVrMm AgyZ {¼ñVr Y_u Jmdm§V Vmo AJ«JÊ` Amho. bmoH$g§»`m Am{U Ym{_©H$ {ejUàVrÀ`m _mZmZo øm JmdmMr ~amo~ar Xwgè`mÀ`mZo H$adUma Zmhr Ago dmQ>Vo.

øm àg§JmH$[aVm JmdJmdm§Mr à_wI _§S>ir H$_r OmñV gw_mamZo 900, 1,000 O_br hmoVr. _m§Oar, ~JS>r, Om§~Jmd, am§OUJmd, A_iZoa, ^|S>mim, daIoS>, KmoJaJmd, _hmbJmd, qnniJmd, ZodaJmd, M§oSy>\$i, H$m`Jmd, J§Jmnya, KmUoJmd dJ¡ao dJ¡ao. gXa àg§Jr {¼ñVr n[afX ^a{dÊ`mV Ambr d øm n[afXoV Imbrb R>amd ~hþ_VmZo g§_V H$aÊ`mV Ambo.

VmbwH$m J§Jmnya Am{U VmbwH$m {dOmnya `mVrb àË`oH$ _m¡Á`mVrb _§S>irZo XmoZ én`on`ªV dJ©Ur H$amdr d Vr ao. ao. Or. Om{H$`a nmÐrgmho~ `m§À`m ñdmYrZ H$amdr. Ë`m gm§Mboë`m {ZYrVyZ Jar~ {dÚmÏ`mªZm _XV H$aÊ`mV `mdr. {edm` Or Jar~ _mUgo gmdH$mam§H$Sy>Z gdmB© {XT>rÀ`m ì`mOmZo H$O© H$mT>VmV, Ë`m§Zm `m n¡emVyZ Aën ì`mOmda EodO nmhÿZ H$O© {Xbo OmB©b. Z§Va n[afX {dgO©Z nmdbr. WmoS>çmM doimZo _§S>irbm OodUmg ~g{dbo. nmaIo _§S>irZo OodUmMr ì`dñWm Ho$br. \$maM CÎm_ àH$mao Ho$br. OodUImdU AmQ>monë`mda VoWrb JmdÀ`m VéUm§Zr _§S>itÀ`m H$a_UwH$sH$aVm '_moem g§{JV ZmQ>H$ OÝ_mnmgyZ Vo BñÌmEbm§Mr gwQ>H$m' `oWn`ªV H$ê$Z AmnUgwÕm g¡VmZmÀ`m Xmñ`mVyZ _wº$ ìhmdo Ago {eH${dbo. Z§Va amÌr 10/11 À`m gw_mamg JmdJmdÀ`m {¼ñVr _§S>irZo nmirnmirà_mUo {¼ñVr ^OZo åhUÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br. Vr ^OZo _§S>irbm \ ma AmdS>br. ^OZo n. _mar`mMo J^©YmaU, {¼ñVmMm OÝ_, _aU, nwZéËWmZ, àm`píMÎm d {¼ñVeara gmH«$m_|Vo `m {df`mda hmoVr.

Xwgè`m {Xder n.{_ñgm EoHy$Z _§S>ir JmdmoJmd nm§Jbr. '' ²

g§X^© :

1) H$m{_b nmaIo, '{¼ñVr {_eZè`m§Mo `moJXmZ', àH$meH$, gw{ZVr àH$meZ, {dVaH$: gwJmdm àH$meZ, gXm{ed noR>, nwUo-30 (2003), ('{Zamoß`m'H$ma AmM©{~en hoZ«r S>mo[a¨J', nmZo 116 Vo 123)

2) '{Zamoß`m' _m{gH$, Zmoìh|~a 1940 ( nmZo 113 Am{U 114)

Jacquierbaba seeks an end to exploitation of tamasha artistes

KmoJaJmdMo \$mXa Om{H$`a~m~m (Am¡a§Jm~mX {OëømVrb {¼ñVr {_eZ H$m`© - B g.1892 nmgyZ)

H$m{_b nmaIo

gwJmdm àH$meZ

17) V_mg{Jam§Mo b¢{JH$, gm_m{OH$ emofU Am{U Om{H$`a~m~m

EHo$H$mir _amR>r {MÌnQ>g¥ï>rV V_memàYmZ {MÌnQ>m§Mr bmQ> Ambr hmoVr. ìhr. em§Vmam_ `m§Zr {X½X{e©V Ho$boë`m 'qnOam' `m {MÌnQ>mMm Zm`H$ Agbobm AmXe© {ejH$ JmdmV Ambobm V_memMm Ioi ~§X nmS>Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. S>m°. lram_ bmJy `m§Zr gmH$mabobm hm emim_mñVa V_memem¡{H$Zm§À`m {damoYmMr {\${H$a Z H$aVm Amnë`m Z¡{VH$ ~imda EH$Q>çmZo V_memMm a§JmV Ambobm Ioi ~§X nmS>Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. _wimV V_mem hm EH$ AZ¡{VH$ àH$ma Amho Am{U Amnë`m JmdÀ`m bmoH$m§Zm Ë`mnmgyZ Xya R>odUo ho Amnbo Z¡{VH$ H$V©ì` Amho, `m g_OmnmoQ>r ho _mñVa V_mem ~§X nmS>Ê`mMr YS>nS> H$aV AgVmV. V_memVrb ZV©H$sÀ`m ào_mV nSy>Z `m _mñVam§Mo Z§Va Z¡{VH$ AY:nVZ hmoVo hr Jmoï> {Zamir. _mÌ V_mem{df`r g_mOmV H$m` à{V_m hmoVr ho 'qnOam'Vrb AmXe© _mñVam§À`m ^y{_Ho$VyZ ñnîQ> hmoVo.

Am¡a§Jm~mX {OëømVrb KmoJaJmdmV Am{U AmgnmgÀ`m n[agamVrb Añn¥í` bmoH$m§Zr V_memV H$m_ H$ê$ Z`o, V_memÀ`m \$S>mbm hOoar bmdy Z`o Agm \$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Mm AmJ«h hmoVm. Ë`m§À`m {damoYmg Z Ow_mZVm AmgnmgÀ`m EImÚm JmdmV V_memMm \$S> ^abm Va EoZ a§JmV Ambobm à`moJ Vo ~§X nmS>V AgV. V_mem `m bmoH$H$boMo OVZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmO {d{dY g§ñWm§V\}$ Am{U emgZmV\}$ à`ËZ Ho$bo OmV AmhoV. Joë`m eVH$mV `m {¼ñVr Y_©Jwê$Zo `m bmoH$H$bo{déÕ ^y{_H$m H$m KoVbr ho OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r V_mem `m bmoH$H$boMo ñdê$n _m{hVr H$ê$Z KoVbo nm{hOo.

_mÂ`m bhmZnUr lram_nwamV AmR>dS>çmÀ`m ~mOmamÀ`m {Xder åhUOo ewH«$dmar ~mOmaVimnmerM V_memMo \$S> ^aV AgV. Am_À`m KamnmgyZ nmMeo _rQ>a A§Vamdarb _¡XmZmV V_memMo V§~y C^mabo OmV AgV. Á`oð> V_memH$bmd§V {dR>m~mB© ^mD$ _m§J Zmam`UJmdH$a, H$m§Vm~mB© gmVmaH$a Am{U Jwbm~~mB© g§J_ZoaH$a dJ¡a|À`m V_memÀ`m \$S>m§Mr {Xdg^a Mmbbobr Om{hamV Amåhr _wbo nmhmV Agy. _mÌ KamVrb dm eoOmanmOmamVrb Hw$Ur àm¡T>_§S>ir `m V_memÀ`m Ioimbm OmV ZgV. AmR>dS>çmÀ`m ~mOmambm `oUmao AmgnmgÀ`m IoS>çmnmS>çmVrb bmoH$M àm_w»`mZo `m bmoH$H$boMo Aml`XmVo AgV. Amåhm _wbm§Zm {gZo_mbm OmÊ`mg nadmZJr Ago. _mÌ EH$Xm Var V_mem hm H$m` àH$ma Agmdm `mMm AZw^d ¿`mdm Agm {dMmahr H$Yr _ZmV Ambm Zmhr, `mMo H$maU V_mem åhUOo EH$ Aíbrb H$m`©H«$_ Am{U Am§~Q>em¡H$sZ a{gH$m§Mo H$a_UwH$sMo gmYZ Agm gdmªMmM g_O hmoVm.

''V_mem H$boV Mmoanmdbm§Zr `oUmar AZ¡{VH$Vm hm Va qMVoMm {df` Amho. _hma, _m§J, Am{U H$moëhmQ>çmMr ~mB© ZmMdU§ Am{U n¡gm \o$Hy$Z {Vbm ZmJdU§ hr CÀMdUu` ga§Om_r _mZ{gH$Vm ~Xbbr Zmhr Va na§nam åhUyZ V_mem H$m {Q>H$dm`Mm, hmhr àíZ Amho,'' Ago V_mem H$boMo EH$ Aä`mgH$ S>m°. {_qbX H$g~o `m§Zr Amnë`m 'V_mem: H$bm Am{U H$bmd§V' `m nwñVH$mV {b{hbo Amho.¹

darb nwñVH$mÀ`m àñVmdZoVM V_mem joÌmMr AJXr OdiyZ AmoiI Agbobo A{^ZoVo {Ziy \w$bo `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho H$s ''_mJmg, Añn¥í` g_Oë`m OmUmè`m _hma, _m§J ,H$moëhmQ>r, Jmonmi AmXr OmVrMo H$bmH$ma V_memV OmñV AmhoV. Ë`m§ZrM hr H$bm {Q>H$dbr Amho. V_mem joÌmV H$O© hm EH$ _moR>m àíZ Amho. \$S>_mbH$ gmdH$mamH$Sy>Z H$O© KoVmV. V_memVbm H$bmH$ma \$S>_mbH$mH$Sy>Z H$O© KoVmV. AemàH$mao \$S>_mbH$ H$O©~mOmar, H$bmH$ma-H$m_Jma H$O©~mOmar, H$Om©da MmbUmam hm ì`dgm` Amho. H$Om©_wio H$moUrhr gwIr Zmhr. V_membm n¡go nwa{dUmao ~hþVoH$ gdU© AgVmV. V_memVrb ñÌr H$bmH$ma H$O©~mOmar Agob Am{U H$O© {\$Q>bo Zmhr Va {Vbm ^m§S>dbXmamÀ`m ñdmYrZ ìhmdo bmJVo. gVV Xm[aÐ`mV amhÿZhr ho H$bmH$ma V_membm H$m {MH$Qy>Z am{hbo Agm àíZ Zoho_r _mÂ`m _ZmV `oV Ago.'' H$Xm{MV V_mem H$bodarb ào_mnmoQ>rM hm dgm Ë`m§Zr ñdrH$mabm Agmdm, Ago Ë`m§Zr nwT>o åhQ>bo Amho.

ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va V_memda AíbrbVoMm Amamon Pmbm. Ë`m_wio _w§~B© amÁ`mMo _w»`_§Ìr ~mimgmho~ Ioa `m§Zr 1948 gmbr V_memda ~§Xr KmVbr Jobr. hr ~§Xr CR>mdr åhUyZ V_mem H$bmd§Vm§Zr à`ËZ Ho$bo. Ë`mdoir Ioa `§mZr _hm_hmonmÜ`m` XÎmmo dm_Z nmoVXma `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr V_mem gwYma g{_Vr Zo_br hmoVr. `m g{_VrZo V_memMo g§{H$Vm boIZ Am{U gmXarH$aUm~m~VrV H$mhr AQ>r KmVë`mZ§Va V_memdarb hr ~§Xr CR>dÊ`mV Ambr. V_memV Aíbrb g§dmX ZgmdoV, Xm¡bVOmXm H$aVmZm V_mgJra ZQ>rbm hmV bmdy Z`o dJ¡ao AQ>r bmdÊ`mV Amë`m.

nwUo {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m ndim nÇ>oamd~mnyamd gm{hË`, g§JrV, bmoH$H$bm AH°$S>o_r Am{U nmW\$mB§S>a B§Q>aZ°eZb `m g§ñWm§À`m dVrZo nwÊ`mV 2007 À`m Am°ŠQ>mo~amV V_mem _hmoËgd d H$m`©emim Am`mo{OV H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr.Ë`m{Z{_Îm àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m H$m`©H«$_n{ÌHo$V V_mem~Ôb _m{hVr {Xbr Amho. Ë`mZwgma V_mem eãX hm \$maerVyZ CXy©V Am{U CXy©VyZ _amR>rV Ambm Amho Ago {XgVo. V_mem hm àH$ma Á`m em{ham§Zr ê$T> Ho$bm Vmo emhra (emB©a hm _yi eãX) Aa~r ^mfoVyZ _amR>rV Ambm Amho. Ë`m_wio V_mem hm H$bmàH$ma _wgb_mZm§À`m à^mdmVyZ CX`mg Ambm Agmdm Ago H$mhr g§emoYH$m§Mo _V Amho. _hmamï´>mVrb OmJaU, Jm|Yi, ^méS>, b{iVo Am{U XemdVma `m bmoH$H$bm§Mmhr AWm©VM V_memda à^md Amho. gmYmaUV: V_mem hr bmoH$H$bm _hmamï´>mV _hma, _m§J, Jm|Yir, H$moëhmQ>r, S>m|~mar `m§À`mM hmVr am{hbr Ago `m n{ÌHo$Vhr ñnï> åhQ>bo Amho. C„oI Ho$boë`m `m gd© OmVr Añn¥í`, JmdHw$gm~mhoaÀ`m OmVrO_mVr. AWm©V `m bmoH$H$boMm AmñdmX KoUmao d n`m©`mZo `m H$bmH$mam§Mo {d{dY àH$mao b¢{JH$ emofU H$aUmao a{gH$OZ AWm©VM CƒdUu` hmoVo. V_memVrb órH$bmH$mam§Mo b¡{JH$ emofU H$aVmZm _mÌ `m H$bmdVm§Mr Añn¥í`Vm VodT>çmnwaVr ZOaoAmS> Ho$br OmV Ago ho {deof.

Amnë`m Xoem§V gd©M nma§n[aH$ ì`dgm` OmVtda AmYm[aV AmhoV Am{U gd© bmoH$H$bm§À`m ~m~VrVhr AerM n[apñWVr Amho. V_mem hr bmoH$H$bm àm_w»`mZo _hma Am{U _mV§J OmVrVrb bmoH$m§Zr {dH${gV Ho$br. `m Añn¥í` OmVrVrb _{hbm V_memV ZmMV Am{U JmV AgV Va nwéf_§S>ir T>mobH$r, VwUVwUo, _§{Oam, S>\$, hbJr, H$S> Am{U noQ>r hr g§JrVdmÚo dmO{dV AgV. Ë`mdê$Z `m bmoH$H$bobm Am{U {VÀ`mer g§~§{YV Agboë`m H$bmH$mam§Zm CÀMdUu`m§V H$m` à{Vð>m Ago `mMr H$ënZm H$aVm `oVo. V_memMm h§Jm_ nmdgmim Am{U eoVrMo H$m_o g§në`mZ§Va Xgam Vo Aj`V¥Vr`m `m H$mimV AgVmo. b½ZgamB©V dmO§Ìr H$m_, `mÌoÀ`m h§Jm_mV V_meo BË`mXrVhr _hma àm_w»`mZo AmT>iVmV.<sup>3</sup> _r bhmZ AgVmZm KmoJaJmdmV _mPo _m_o^mD$ b½ZgamB©V {nnmUr, T>mobH$s dJ¡ao dmÚo dmOdV AgV ho _bm AmR>dVo. `m_mJMr H$maU_r_m§gm darb g§X^© dmMë`mZ§VaM _bm g_Obr. `mMm AW© dmÚoo dmO{dÊ`mMr H$bm Vo KamVrb Hw$UmH$Sy>Z qH$dm ZmVodmB©H$m§H$Sy>Z {eH$bo AgUma. Hw$Ur gm§Jmdo, H$Xm{MV _mÂ`m AmOmoimVrb _mPo H$mhr ZmVodmB©H$hr Ë`m§À`m VéUnUmV åhUOo \$mXa Om{H$`a `m§À`m H$mimV V_memVhr PrbH$ar dm BVa H$m_o H$aV AgVrb.

Á`oð> H$dr Zmam`U gwd} `m§Zr AÊUm^mD$ gmR>o `m§À`mdarb 1969 gmbr {b{hboë`m EH$m boImV V_mem{df`r Ho$bobr {Q>nÊUrhr `m g§X^m©V nmhVm `oB©b. gwdo© åhUVmV : ''n§Mdrg dfm©§nydu V_mem hm eãX EImÚm Añn¥í`mgmaIm dmnabm OmB©. V_mem åhUOo gä` bmoH$m§Zr, {eï> bmoH$m§Zr, AJa nmoir~mitZr Z nmhmdm, Agm ZmQ>H$mMm EH$ àH$ma. Ë`mV ZmÀ`mnmoè`m AgVmo, Vmo KmUoaS>o d Aíbrb hmd^md H$aVmo. e¥§Jm[aH$ d MmdQ> JmUr åhUVmo, Ë`mZo gwg§ñH¥$V _mUgm§Mr A{^éMr {~KS>Vo. V_mem H$aUmao Añn¥í` AgVmV d Vmo nmhmUo nmn Amho hr àMbrV ^mdZm Ë`m H$mimV hmoVr.''

V_mem `m bmoH$H$boMo bmoH$ZmQ>çmV ê$nm§Va hmoÊ`mAmYr nma§n[aH$ V_memVrb H$bmH$mam§Mr OmVr{df`H$ nmíd©^y_r, pñÌH$bmH$mam§Mo b¢{JH$ emofU Am{U `m bmoH$H$boVrb à`moJm§Vrb g§dmX Am{U ZmMJmÊ`m§Vrb AíbrbVm dJ¡ao g§X^© Ü`mZmV KoVbo åhUOo Om{H$`a~m~m§Zr V_membm H$m {damoY Ho$bm ho g_OVo. '[n§Oam' {MÌnQ>mVrb AmXe© _mñVahr Z¡{VH$ Ñï>rH$moZmVyZM V_memÀ`m Ioimg {damoY H$aV AgVmV. _hmamï´>mMo {dÚ_mZ Cn_w»`_§Ìr Ama. Ama. nmQ>rb `m§Zr nwT>mH$ma KoD$Z _hmamï´> amÁ`mV {~`a~ma_Ü`o _{hbm§À`m ZmMJmÊ`m§da ~§Xr KmVbr Amho. Ë`m_mJohr pñÌ`m§À`m b¢{JH$ emofUmg Am{U AíbrbVog {damoY AerM Ë`m§Mr ^y{_H$m Amho.

\$mXa Om{H$`a `m§À`m g§X^m©V à{gÕ Pmboë`m Hw$R>ë`mhr {bImUmV Ë`m§Zr V_membm Ho$boë`m {damoYmMm C„oI _mÂ`m dmMÊ`mV H$Yr Ambm Zmhr. _mÂ`m AmB©-d{S>bm§Zr Am{U KmoJaJmdmVrb _mÂ`m _m_m§À`m g§^mfUmV _mÌ `m~m~VMr MMm© _r AZoH$Xm EoH$br Amho. em§ËdZ Am{U dm_Z {eZJmao `m _mÂ`m XmoZ _m_m§Zr Om{H$`a~m~m§À`m N>H$S>çmda JmS>rdmZ åhUyZ H$m_ Ho$bo hmoVo, Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr gm§{JVbobr _m{hVr `m~m~V {dídmgmh© _mZVm `oB©b.

\$mXa Om{H$`a~m~m§{df`r KmoJaJmd n[agamV Añn¥í` {¼ñVr g_mOmV VgoM CÀMdUu` dJ¡ao _§S>irV _moR>m AmXa hmoVm. gaH$maXa~mar H$boŠQ>a Am{U VhgrbXma `m gma»`m A{YH$mè`m§er Am{U eoOmanmOmaÀ`m Jmdm§À`m nmQ>rb dJ¡ao _§S>iter Ë`m§Mo Iyn Mm§Jbo g§~§Y hmoVo. Am¡a§Jm~mX {OëømVrb d¡Omnya Am{U J§Jmnya VmbwŠ`m§Vrb AZoH$ Jmdm§Vrb Ë`m§À`m H$m_m§_wio, Ë`m§À`m {eñV{à` ñd^mdm_wio Ë`m§À`m {df`rMm EH$ àH$maMm Xamamhr Ago. CÀM{e{jV Am{U `wamo{n`Z Agë`mZo {~«{Q>e O_mÝ`mV gaH$maXa~margwÕm Ë`m§Mm dMH$ Ago. Ë`m_wio Om{H$`a~m~m§Zr Añn¥í`VmnmbZmgma»`m EImÚm A{Zï> dm AZ¡{VH$ gm_m{OH$ éT>rg {damoY Ho$bm Va Aemàg§Jr Ë`m§À`m {damoYmg OmÊ`mMr Hw$UmMr qh_V Zgm`Mr. Om{H$`a~m~m§Zr V_memÀ`m àWog {damoY Ho$bm Voìhmhr AgoM Pmbo AgUma.

KmoJaJmd Am{U AmgnmgÀ`m n[agamVrb _hma g_mOmVrb AZoH$ {¼ñVr ñÌr-nwéfhr Ë`mH$mimV V_memV H$bmH$ma åhUyZ H$m_ H$aV AgVrb `m{df`r e§H$mM Zmhr. V_memV ZmÀ`m qH$dm _mderMr ^y{_H$m H$aUmè`m nwéf ZQ>mbm bm§~ Ho$g amImdo bmJV Ago. `m J«m_rU ^mJmV AZoH$ df} amhÿZ `m bmoH$H$boMo EHy$U ñdê$n g_Oë`mZ§Va Hw$R>ë`mhr {¼ñVr Y_©Jwê$Zo Amnë`m Y_©J«m_mVrb {¼ñVr _{hbm§g V_memV ZmMÊ`mJmÊ`mnmgyZ namd¥Îm Ho$bo AgVo. {¼ñVr nwéf _§S>itZr V_memV Aíbrb ñdê$nmMr ZmMJmUr åhUy Z`o, ZmÀ`mMo H$m_ H$é Z`o `mgmR>r Ë`m§À`mdahr X~md AmUbm AgVm.Om{H$`a~m~m§Zr Va KmoJaJmd n[agamV Amnë`m Am`wî`mMr Mma XeHo$ Kmb{dbr. `m \o«§$M Y_©Jwê$Zo KmoJaJmdmV Amë`mZ§Va B§J«Or Am{U _amR>r ^mfm§da Mm§Jbo à^wËd {_idbo hmoVo. KmoJaJmdmVrb {¼ñVamOm _§{XamV Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ df} Zd{¼ñVr bmoH$m§Zm Vo _amR>r ^OZo, Jm`Zo {eH$dV AgV. V_membm Ë`m§Zr {damoY H$aÊ`mAmYr Ë`m§Zr `m bmoH$H$boÀ`m {d{dY A§Jm§Mm Aä`mg ZŠH$sM Ho$bm AgUma. KmoJaJmdÀ`m n§MH«$moerVrb JmdmVrb ~hþVoH$ Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gd© ì`º$s¨Zm Vo Mm§Jbo AmoiIV hmoVo. Ë`m§À`mn¡H$s AZoH$m§Zm Ë`m§Zr H$Yr Zm H$Yr _XV Ho$br hmoVr. Ë`m_wio EH$ ehmUr, OwUrOmUVr ì`º$s åhUyZ Amnë`m Y_©J«m_mVrb bmoH$m§Zm ehmUnUmMo H$mhr IS>o ~mob gwZmdÊ`mMm Ë`m§Mm h¸$ gdmªZmM _mÝ` hmoVm.

\$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Mm V_membm Agbobm H$S>dm {damoY nmhVm Vo KmoJaJmdmV AgVmZm `m bmoH$H$boMo à`moJ `m JmdmV Pmbo AgVrb `m{df`r XmQ> e§H$mM Amho. _mÌ AmgnmgÀ`m IoS>çm§V V_memMo Ioi hmoVM AgV. `mÌoÀ`m dm BVa Hw$R>ë`mhr {Z{_ÎmmZo V_memMo à`moJ Agbo åhUOo Ë`m JmdmVrb Am{U AmOy~mOyÀ`m n[agamVrb nwéf_§S>ir VoWo AmdOy©Z hOa amhmV AgV. V_memMo ho à`moJ amÌrM a§JV AgV. T>mobH$sÀ`m Am{U BVa nma§n[aH$ dmÚm§À`m Vmbmda V_mgJra _{hbm Am{U nwéf JmV Am{U ZmMV AgV. Aemdoir \$mXa Om{H$`a Amnbr KmoS>mJmS>r ~mhoa H$mTy>Z Ë`m AmdmOmÀ`m {XeoZo {ZKV. amÌrÀ`m doir ZXr qH$dm AmoT>o Amobm§Sy>Z V_memÀ`m OmJr Vo nmohmoMV AgV. Ë`m Añn¥í` ñÌr-nwéf H$bmH$mam§Zr V_memÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ hmoUmao Ë`m§Mo ñdV:Mo b¢{JH$ emofU amoImdo åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm CnXoe H$aV AgV. AZoH$Xm CnXoemEodOr Ë`m bmoH$m§Mr H$mZCKmS>UrM Ho$br OmV AgUma. V_memnWH$ _moJbmB© n[agamVrb Agbo Va Ë`mVrb ~hþVoH$ V_mgJra Om{H$`a~m~m§À`m Y_©J«m_mVrb {¼ñVr bmoH$M AgV.

V_memMm EoZ a§JmV Ambobm à`moJ AemàH$mao ~§X nmS>ë`mZ§Vahr ho V_mgJra XwgarH$S>o Hw$R>oVar V_memMo Ioi MmbyM R>odVrb åhUyZ \$mXa Om{H$`a Ë`m§Mr T>mobH$s, VwUVwUr, S>\$ dJ¡ao dmÚo Amnë`m Vmã`mV KoV AgV. H$bmd§{VUrÀ`m nm`mVrb Mma-nmM {H$bmo dOZmMo Kw§Jê$hr H$mTy>Z KoV. Ë`m{edm` nwéf H$bmH$mam§Zr ZmÀ`mMr qH$dm _mderMr ^y{_H$m H$é Z`o åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr bm§~ dmTdboë`m Ho$gm§Zmhr H$mÌr bmdV AgV.

Om{H$`a~m~m§À`m AmR>dUtZm _mPo AmB©dS>rb, _m_m Am{U BVa OwZr _§S>ir COmim XoV Voìhm ho \$mXa V_mem H$go ~§X nmS>V AgV ho `m{df`r h_Img ~mobbo OmB©. Om{H$`a~m~m§Zr V_mg{Ja§mH$Sy>Z Vmã`mV KoVboë`m Am{U Amnë`m KmoS>mJmS>rVyZ KmoJaJmdmV AmUboë`m T>mobH$r, V_mgJra H$bmd§{VUtMo K§wJê$, VwUVwUo, S>\$ dJ¡ao g§JrVdmÚm§Zr {_eZH§$nmD§$S>_Yë`m XmoZ Imoë`m ^aë`m hmoË`m ho _mPr AmB© AmOhr AmdOy©Z gm§JV AgVo. _mJo KmoJaJmdbm _r ^oQ> {Xbr Voìhm VoWrb _w»` Y_©Jwê$ \$mXa ñQ>r\$Z Aë_oS>m `m§Zrhr `mg XwOmoam {Xbm. V_mg{Jam§Mr Vr g§JrVdmÚo Xhm-n§Yam dfmªnydun`ªV {_eZ H§$nmD§$S>_Yrb H$mhr Imoë`m§V gm§^miyZ R>odÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr Ago Ë`m§Zr EoH$bo Amho Ago Ë`m§Zr _bm gm§{JVbo.

_hma-_m§J `m Añn¥í` OmVrVrb bmoH$m§gmR>r V_mem hr bmoH$H$bm Va CXa{Zdm©hmMo _w»` gmYZ hmoVo. g_mOmVrb `m gdm©{YH$ Cno{jV KQ>H$m§Mm Vm|S>Mm Kmg {hamdyZ KoÊ`mMm \$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Mm _wirM CÔoe ZìhVm. V_mem~m~V Om{H$`a~m~m§Mr ^y{_H$m g_mOgwYmaH$mMr hmoVr. Amnë`m Y_©J«m_mVrb Añn¥í` bmoH$m§À`m Am{W©H$ Am{U CÞVrgmR>r \$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Zr Am{U _moJbmB©Vrb qH$dm Ah_XZJa {OëømVrb BVa {_eZatZr AZoH$ àH$ën am~dbo hmoVo. bmoH$m§À`m AS>rAS>MUrÀ`m àg§Jr Vo YmdyZ OmV AgV. Amnë`m Y_©J«m_mVrb IoS>çm§Vrb _wbm§Zr gmja ìhmdo åhUyZ Om{H$`a~m~m§Zr AZoH$ Jmdm§V emim gwê$ Ho$ë`m hmoË`m. `m emim§V gd© OmVr-Y_mªÀ`m _wbm§Zm \w$H$Q> {ejU {Xbo OmV Ago. `m emim§À`m _mñVam§À`m {ZdmgñWmZm§Mm Am{U nJmamMm IM©hr \$mXa ñdV: CMbV AgV. V_memVrb H$m_ gmoS>bo Va `m bmoH$m§gmR>r CXa{Zdm©hmMr Xwgao n`m©`hr Ë`m§Zr CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbo hmoVo. KmoJaJmdmV gÜ`m Cä`m Agboë`m C§M {eIadOm {¼ñVamOm _§{XamMo H$m_ EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwê$dmVrÀ`m H$mimV drg df} Mmby hmoVo. `m ~m§YH$m_m_wio AmgnmgÀ`m AZoH$ gwVma, Jd§S>r Aem Hw$eb H$mam{Jam§Zm VgoM BVa AZoH$ AHw$eb H$m_Jmam§Zm AZoH$ df} amoOJma CnbãY Pmbm hmoVm. Om{H$`a~m~m§Mm V_membm Agbobm {damoY Am{U `m bmoH$H$boMo à`moJ ~§X nmS>Ê`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr Ho$bobm AmQ>m{nQ>m `mbm AWm©VM e§^a dfm©nyduÀ`m H$mimMm g§X^© Amho. Ë`mH$mimV pñÌ`m§Zr ZmQ>H$m§V dm {MÌnQ>m§V H$m_ H$aUogwÕm AZ¡{VH$ g_Obo OmB© Am{U Ë`m_wio AJXr ~mbJ§YdmªÀ`m H$mimn`ªV nwéfM pñÌ`m§À`m ^y{_H$m H$aV AgV. AmO emgZ Am{U {d{dY g§ñWm-g§KQ>Zm V_memgma»`m bmoH$H$bm§Mo OVZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aV AmhoV. V_mem `m bmoH$H$boZo gmVmg_wÐmnma, nmpíM_mË` Xoemn`ªV _Ob _mabr Amho. _mÌ AOyZhr `m bmoH$H$boMm OmVr` g§X^© Zmhrgm Pmbobm Zmhr. ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va gmR> dfmªZ§Va, Añn¥í`Vm H$m`ÚmZo ~§X Pmë`mZ§Va AmOhr gaH$mar, {Z_gaH$mar Am{U ImgJr H$m`m©b`m§V g\$mB© H$m_Jma, ^§Jr, {enmB© dJ¡ao H$m_o nydm©l_rÀ`m Añn¥í` g_mOmVrbM bmoH$ H$aVmV. VgoM IoS>çmnmS>çm§V hmoUmè`m V_memVrb ~hþg§»` ñÌr-nwéf H$bmH$ma AmOhr _hma, _m§J, H$moëhmQ>r `m g_mOmVrbM AmhoV. 'AmOhr V_memV Jm`H$ åhUyZ _hma H$bmd§VmMr g§»`m OmñV à_mUmV Amho' Ago S>m°. H$g~o `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho.⁴ '`m bmoH$H$boer {ZJ{S>V Agbobo X{bV OmVt{df`H$ g§X^© AOyZhr nwgbo Jobobo ZmhrV. '~«m÷UmKar {bìhZ§, _hmamKar JmU Am{U _m§JmKar dmOdU§' Am{U '_hmamM§ JmU§ Am{U _m§JmM§ S>\$S>§' Aem åhUr àM{bV AmhoV. X{bV OmVt{df`H$ `m g§X^mª_wio Am{U BVahr H$mhr H$maUm§_wio {MÌnQ>g¥ï>rVrb Am{U a§J^y_rdarb ñÌr-nwéf H$bmH$mam§Zm h„r {_iUmar à{Vð>m, YZàmár Am{U ½b°_aMo db` V_mg{Jam§À`m Z{e~r AOyZVar Zmhr.

V_mgJra H$bmd§Vm§Mo hmoUmao b¡§{JH$, Am{W©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ emofU AmOhr nyU©V: ~§X Pmbobo Zmhr. ho emofU ~§X H$aÊ`mgmR>r V_memMo à`moJ ~§X H$aÊ`mMr _wirM Oéar Zmhr. _mÌ Vm|S>mbm a§J \$mgyZ a§J_§MmdéZ, N>moQ>çm dm _moR>çm nS>Úm§dê$Z àojH$m§Mo _Zmoa§OZ H$aUmè`m H$bmH$mam§À`m dmQ>çmbm `oUmao Am{W©H$ Am{U BVa bm^ X{bV g_mOmVrb `m bmoH$H$bmH$mam§Zmhr {_imdoV Aer _m\$H$ Anojm ~miJm`bm haH$V Zmhr.Amnë`m _wbm§Zr Amnbm ì`dgm` nwT>o Mmby R>odmdm Ago à{VW`e S>m°ŠQ>am§Zm, amOH$s` nwT>mè`m§Zm Am{U BVa H$mhr joÌm§Vrb bmoH$m§Zm dmQ>V AgVo. V_mem hr bmoH$H$bm åhUyZ {Q>Hy$Z amhm`bm hdr, Ago åhUUmè`m Am{U Ë`mÑï>rZo à`ËZ H$aUmè`m bmoH$m§Zmhr Amnë`m _wbm~mim§Zr `m joÌmV n¡gm Am{U Zmd H$_dmdo Ago _ZmnmgyZ dmQ>bo VaM `m bmoH$H$bobm IaoM g_mO_mÝ`Vm Am{U à{Vð>m àmßV Pmbr Ago åhUVm `oB©b. Z{OH$À`m H$mimV V_mg{Jam§À`m Z{e~r hr à{Vð>m Am{U gwI {_iÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Zgob Va ho H$bmH$ma V_membm H$m {MH$Qy>Z am{hbo Agm A{^ZoVo {Ziy \w$bo `m§Zm nS>bobm àíZ BVa Hw$Umbmhr nSy> eHo$b. Aem n[apñWVrV _J eVH$mnyduMo Om{H$`a~m~m§Mo Vo dV©Z IaoM g_W©Zr` hmoVo H$s H$m` Aerhr e§H$m EImÚmÀ`m S>moŠ`mV S>moH$mdy eHo$b.

g§X^© :

1) S>m°. {_qbX H$g~o, 'V_mem : H$bm Am{U H$bmd§V', gwJmdm àH$meZ, nwUo (2007 ) (nmZ 9)

2) darbà_mUo nmZ 29

3) {d. _. Xm§S>oH$a Am{U _. ^m OJVmn, '_hmamï´>mMr J«m_rU g_mOaMZm', àH$meH$: Y. am. JmS>Jri, JmoIbo AW©emó g§emoYZ g§ñWm, nwUo - 411 004 (1957), nmZ 20

4) Zmam`U gwd}, '_mUyg, H$bmd§V Am{U g_mO', nm°ß`wba àH$meZ, 35 gr, n§._mbdr` _mJ©, VmS>Xod, _w§~B© 400 034, (1992) (nmZ 68)

5) S>m°. {_qbX H$g~o, V_mem : H$bm Am{U H$bmd§V, (nmZ 51)

(nyd©à{gÜXr: 'gwJmdm' _m{gH$, nwUo, OmZodmar 2008 Am{U '{Zamoß`m' _m{gH$ Owb¡ 2008)