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Om{H$`a~m~m§À`m ñ‘¥VtZm COmim
Om{H$`a~m~m§À`m
KmoJaJmdmbm ^oQ> Úm`MrM Ago AJXr R>m‘ R>adyZ VoWo ‘r
Joë`m ‘{hÝ`mV OmD$Z Ambmo. 'Jmd VoWo añVm Am{U añVm VoWo ~g'
hr KmofUm KmoJaJmdÀ`m ~m~VrV bmJy Zmhr, åhUyZ eoOmaÀ`m Hw$R>ë`mhr
VmbwŠ`mÀ`m {R>H$mUmhÿZ VoWo nmohmoMÊ`mgmR>r Img n«`ËZ
H$amdm bmJVmo. XmoZ-Mma H$mog nm`r MmbÊ`mMr ‘mZ{gH$ V`marhr
R>odmdr bmJVo. ‘amR>dmS>çmÀ`m {dH$mgmÀ`m AZweofmMr hr
EH$ PbH$. Vgo nm{hbo Va lram‘nyahÿZ KmoJaJmd Agob {VgoH$
{H$bmo‘rQ>a A§Vamda. åhUOo ~gZo Ho$di EH$ VmgmMm àdmg. nU
WoQ> ~g Zgë`mZo d¡¡Omnyabm OmD$Z VoWyZ ‘mbdmhVwH$s~amo~aM
àdmgr dmhVyH$ H$aUmè`m Q>|nmoZo EH$XmMo KmoJaJmdbm nmohmoMbmo
Am{U hþíe H$obo.
lram‘nyahÿZ
gH$mir AH$ambm {ZKyZ VoWo nmohmoMm`bm g§Ü`mH$mi Pmbr. nU AIoarg `m
VrW©joÌr nm` Q>oH$bo `mMo g‘mYmZ hmoVo. Ë`m‘wio àdmgmZo
eara Am§~yZ Jobo hmoVo Var Ë`m~Ôb ‘Z H$gbrhr VH«$ma H$aV ZìhVo.
{eIamMo n{hë`m§Xm Xe©Z KS>bo. KmoJaJmd ho _mPo AmOmoi.
lram‘nyahÿZ ‘m‘mÀ`m Jmdr ~¡bJmS>rVyZ OmÊ`mMm AZw^d _r
Am{U _mÂ`m ^md§S>m§Zr bhmZnUr AZoH$Xm AZw^dbm hmoVm. gH$mir
àdmgmbm {ZKmë`mda Xwnmar ~mamÀ`m gw‘mamg Amåhr ^m‘mQ>mUbm
nmohmoMV Agy. WmoS>o’$ma nmUr Agboë`m J§JoV Am‘Mr ~¡bJmS>r
CVabr H$s Am‘Mm àdmg H$mhr H$mi
Wm§~o.
{edam‘ ‘m‘m JmS>rMo ~¡b gmoS>yZ Ë`m§Zm JmoXmdarMo nmUr
XmIdyZ AmUë`mZ§Va Ë`m§À`mg‘moa H$S>~m Q>mH$s. ''J§Jm
Amobm§S>br åhÝOo AmnwZ Ambmo
AmVm
‘moJbmB©V, AmVm H$m` {Zå‘mM nadmg!'' Ago Amåhmbm JmdmV
{eaÊ`mAmYrM VoWrb {¼ñVamOm ‘§{XamÀ`m C§M gm§JV _mPr AmB© -
~mB© - Amnë`m ‘mhoaÀ`m {XeoZo ZOa Q>mH$V Ago. Ah_XZJa {OëømV
Am{U Z{OH$À`m n[agamV AmB©bm '~mB©' åhUyZ g§~moYbo OmVo.
''BW§
J§JoÀ`m C§M Vramda C^§ am{hb§ H$s KmoJaJmdÀ`m XodimM§ C§M
{eIa {XgV§,"" Ago Vr Amåhmbm gm§Jo. gH$mir, Xwnmar Am{U
g§Ü`mH$mir XodXyVmÀ`m {ZamonmÀ`m àmW©ZogmR>r `m XodimMr
K§Q>m dmOVo Voìhm {VMm AmdmO `oWn`ªV EoHy$ `oVmo ho ‘r {VÀ`m
Vmo§S>yZ AZoH$Xm EoH$V Ambmo Amho. ‘mÌ Vramda Q>mMm C§M
H$ê$Z C^m amhÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$ê$Zhr ‘bm Zm H$Yr Ë`m XodimMo {eIa
{Xgbo Zm Xwnmar ~mambm Ë`m K§Q>oMm AmdmO EoHy$ Ambm. ‘mÌ
XodimMo Vo ^ì`nU Am[U Ë`m C§M {eIamVrb XmoZ hmVm§À`m H$dioV Z
gm‘mdUmar Vr K§Q>m ‘mÂ`m ‘Zmda H$m`‘Mr H$moabr
‘amR>dmS>çmVrb
Am¡a§Jm~mX {OëømV J§Jmnya Am{U d¡Omnya VmbwŠ`m§V {¼ñVr
bmoH$ ‘moR>çm g§»`oZo AmT>iVmV.
nydm©l‘rÀ`m
Añn¥í` g‘mOmVrb bmoH$m§Zm {¼ñVr Y‘m©H$S>o di{dÊ`mMo
‘moR>o lo` Om{H$`a~m~m§H$S>o OmVo. KmoJaJmd hr `m
Om{H$`a~m~m§Mr H$‘©^y‘r. OdiOdi Mma XeHo$ Ë`m§Zr `m n[agamV
Y‘©H$m`© Ho$bo. Zd{¼ñVr g‘mOmÀ`m gm_m{OH$, e¡j{UH$ Am{U
Am{W©H$ àJVrgmR>r Ë`m§Zr ‘moR>o H$m`© Ho$bo.
Ë`m‘wio
AmOhr `m ’«|$M Y‘©Jwê$~Ôb `m n[agamVrb bmoH$m§‘Ü`o
H¥$VkVoMr Am{U AmXamMr ^mdZm AmT>iVo.
d¡Omnya
VmbwŠ`mVrb Om{H$`a~m~m§Mo KmoJaJmd ho ‘mPo AmOmoi. BWbo ‘yiMo
ñWm{ZH$ Agboë`m {¼ñVr bmoH$m§Mr AmS>Zmdo {eZJmao AmhoV.
KmoJaJmdmnmgyZ Xhm-~mam {H$bmo_rQ>a A§Vamda Agbobo J§Jmnya
VmbwŠ`mVrb dmhoJmd ho Amåhm nmaIo ‘§S>itMo ‘yiJmd. Ë`m_wio
Om{H$`a~m~m§er g§~§{YV Agboë`m AZoH$ KQ>Zm§À`m MMm© ‘r
bhmZnUmnmgyZ gVV EoH$V Ambmo Amho. OdiOdi Vrg dfmªZr ‘mÂ`m AmB©bm
KoD$Z ‘r AmVm `oWo nmohmoMbmo
hmoVmo
Vo Om{H$`a~m~m§À`m ñ‘¥Vrbm COiUr XoÊ`mgmR>r.
`oeyg§Kr`
O_©Z Y_©Jwê§$Mo H°$Wmo{bH$ {‘eZMo H$m`© gwê$ Pmbo Vgo
‘amR>dmS>çmV Am¡a§Jm~mX {OëømV KmoJaJmd Am{U ~moaga `m
Jmdm§V {_eZarO Am°\$ g|Q> \$mpÝgg S>r goëg (E_EgE\$Eg) `m
g§ñWoÀ`m \$§M Y_©Jwê§$Zr ào{fVH$m`© gwê$ H$obo. `m
n[agamVrb AZoH$ Jmdm§V åhUOo dmhoJmd, J§Jmnya,
d¡Omnya,
daIoS> `oWrb AZoH$ bmoH$m§Zm Om{H$`a~m~m§Zr ~m{áñ_m XoD$Z
{¼ñVr Y‘m©V AmUbo. AmO `mn¡H$s AZoH$ {R>H$mUr Xodio C^o
amhÿZ ñdV§Ì Y‘©J«m‘hr Pmbo AmhoV.
Om{H$`a~m~m§Zm
{¼ñVdmgr hmoD$Z AmO gmR> df Pmbr Var Ë`m§Mo H$m`© `oWrb bmoH$
AOyZhr {dgabo ZmhrV. Ë`m§Zr ~§mYbobo `oWrb {¼ñVamOm ‘§{Xa
Ë`m§Mo EH$ ñ‘maH$M Amho. `m XodimnmerM Ë`m§Mr Am{U Ë`m§Mo
{eî` Am{U _amR>r g_mOmVrb n{hbo Y‘©Jwê$ Omogo’$ ‘moÝVoamo
`m§À`m H$~ar AmhoV. Om{H$`a~m~m§À`m nÞmgmì`m nwÊ`{VWr{Z{‘Îm
Ë`m§À`m g_mYrda Ë`m§Mm nyUm©H¥$Vr nwVim C^maÊ`mV Ambm. XmoÝhr
H$~at^modVr EH$ N>moQ>ogo ~m§YH$m‘ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. ’$mXa
Om{H$`a~m~m Á`m KmoS>mJmS>rV ~gyZ
`m
‘moJbmB©À`m n[agamV {’$aV Vo dmhZhr `m ñ‘maH$mV R>odÊ`mV
Ambo Amho.
~mhoaJmdMo
^m{dH$ `m XodimV àmW©ZogmR>r `oVmV, Voìhm Om{H$`a~m~m§À`m `m
ñ‘maH$mbm AmdO©yZ ^oQ> XoVmV. ~mB©~amo~a ‘r VoWo nmohmoMbmo
Voìhm Om{H$`a~m~m§À`m H$~arMo {VZo AmXamZo Mw§~Z KoVbo. Ë`m§À`m
nwVù`mg‘moa hmV OmoSy>Z {VZo àmW©Zm Ho$br Am{U VoWyZ ~mhoa
OmÊ`mAmYr Ë`m H$~arbm EH$ nyU© àX{jUmhr KmVbr. {Vbm
Om{H$`a~m~m§{df`r {H$Vr AmXa Amho ho ‘bm ‘mhrV Amho. nmgï>
dfmªnydu `mM XodimV Om{H$`a~m~m§ZrM _mÂ`m AmB©-d{S>bm§Mo b½Z
bmdbo hmoVo. AmO Eo§erÀ`m Amgnmg Agboë`m ~mB©Mm ~m{áñ_mhr
H$Xm{MV Om{H$`a~m~m§ZrM Ho$bobm AgUma.
~mB©Mo
XmoZ ^mD$ åhUOo ‘mPo ‘m‘m VéUnUmV Om{H$`a~m~m§Mm N>H$S>m
hmH$V AgV. Ë`m‘wio Om{H$`a~m~m§Mr {‘eZar d¥Îmr, Ë`m§Mo
H$m‘ `m {df`rÀ`m AZoH$ H$Wm {VÀ`mH$Sy>Z Am{U ‘mÂ`m
d{S>bm§H$Sy>Z ‘r AZoH$Xm EoH$V Ambmo Amho. V‘mem‘wio
bmoH$m§Mr Z¡{VH$Vm {~KS>Vo, Ë`m‘wio V‘mem EoZ a§JmV
Amë`mZ§Va Om{H$`a~m~m VoWo KmoS>mJmS>rZo H$go nmohmoMV, VoWrb
ZmMJmUo ~§X nmS>rV Am{U V‘mg{Jam§Mr T>mobH$s, Kw§Jê$ Am{U
BVa gm{hË` KoD$Z KmoJaJmdr naVV AgV ho ‘r Ë`m XmoKm§H$Sy>Z
Am{U _mÂ`m _m_m§H$Sy>Z AZoH$Xm EoH$bo Amho. V‘mg{Jam§À`m `m
Oá Ho$boë`m g§JrVgmYZm§Zr KmoJaJmdmVrb ’$mXadmS>rVrb XmoZ
Imoë`m ^aë`m hmoË`m Ago åhUVmV.
KmoJaJmdMo
à‘wI Y‘©Jwê$ ’$mXa ñQ>r’$Z Aë‘oS>m `m§Zr
Ë`mdoir VoWrb OwÝ`m H$m¡bmar emioÀ`m Imoë`m nmSy>Z Xw‘Obr
B‘maV ~m§YÊ`mMo H$m‘ hmVr KoVbo hmoVo. ’$mXam§Mo OwZo
{ZdmgñWmZhr nmSy>Z VoWo ZdrZ B‘maV ~m§YÊ`mV `oUma Amho. ‘mÌ
ho ~m§YH$m‘ nmS>Ê`mAmYr Om{H$`a~m~m§À`m `m {ZdmgñWmZmMo
Am{U Ë`m§À`m H$mimVrb emim§À`m ~m§YH$m‘mMo Ë`m§Zr pìh[S>Amo
{MÌU H$ê$Z KoVbo. Om{H$`a~m~m§Mr ñ‘¥Vr OnÊ`mÀ`m Ë`§mÀ`m
`m à`ËZmMo ‘bm Iyn
H$m¡VwH$
dmQ>bo.
‘r
VoWo nmohmoMbmo Voìhm VoWrb g|Q> Omogo’$ emioÀ`m B‘maVrÀ`m
{dñVmarH$aUmgmR>r OwZo ~m§YH$m‘ O‘rZXmoñV H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m
gwê$ Pmbr ZìhVr. EH$ eVH$mnyduMo Vo ~m§YH$m‘ Voìhmhr AJXr ‘O~yV
ñdê$nmV C^o hmoVo. Xe©Zr ^mJ Agboë`m Imobrda H«y$g hmoVm, Ë`mAWu
Ë`m ImobrMmM nmD$U eVH$mnydu MM© åhUyZ dmna H$obm OmV AgUma. Ë`m
~m§YH$m‘mÀ`m nwT>o EH$m H$monè`mbm {¼ñVamOm ‘§{Xa Ago
{b{hboë`m nÍ`mMm OwZmQ> \$bH$ hmoVm.
’$mXa
Om{H$`a `m§Mo H$m`m©b` Agbobr Imobr, Ë`m§Mo Q>o~b, Ë`m§À`m
IwMu Am{U BVa ~aoM OwZo ’${Z©Ma ‘amR>dmS>çmVrb Ë`m gdm©V
OwÝ`m {‘eZH$o§ÐmÀ`m e§^a dfmªÀ`m B{VhmgmMr gmj XoV hmoVo.
H$mhr {Xdgm§Z§Va Vr dmñVyhr O_rZXmoñV hmoUma hmoVr. ’$mXa
Om{H$`a `m§À`m Mma XeH$m§À`m dmñVì`mZo nmdZ Pmboë`m, Ë`m§À`m
AmJù`mdoJù`m OrdZe¡brÀ`m IwUm Amnë`m gdmªJmda dmdaUmè`m Ë`m
n{dÌ dmñVybm ‘J ‘r ‘mÂ`m H°$‘oè`mV doJdoJù`m H$moZm§VyZ
{Q>nyZ KoVbo.
Ah‘XZJa
{OëømVrb diU-H$o§Xi Am{U g§J‘Zoa `oWo } ào{fVH$m`m©V ’$mXa
AmoQ>mo dmB©ghm¡ßQ> Am{U \$mXa ’«$mpÝgg ew{~Ja `m§Mo
Ogo ‘hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho VgoM Om{H$`a~m~m§Mo Am¡a§Jm~mX {OëømVrb
ào{fVH$m`m©V ‘hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. `mVrb n{hë`m XmoZ {‘eZatZr
Ah‘XZJa {OëømÀ`m àdaoH$mR>r Va Om{H$`a~m~m§Zr Am¡a§Jm~mX
{OëømVrb JmoXmdarH$mR>r {¼ñVr Y‘m©Mm nm`m amodbm. hOmamo
OUm§Zm Ë`m§Zr {¼ñVr Y‘m©Mr {Xjm {Xbr. ’$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Zm
H°$Wmo{bH$ MM©Zo g§VmMm ‘mZ Úmdm, Aer ‘mJUr AmVmn`ªV H$moUr
Ho$bobr Zmhr. g§VnXmMr Aer H$mhr Am¡nMm[aH$ à{H«$`m AgVo `mMr
H$Xm{MV `m IoS>çm§Vrb bmoH$m§Zm H$ënZmhr Zgob. `oWrb bmoH$m§Zr
Om{H$`a~m~m h`mV AgVmZmM Ë`m§Zm g§V ‘mZbo. AmOhr Ë`m§À`m
H$~abm ^oQ> XoUmao ^m{dH$ Ë`m§Zm g§V ‘mZyZM Ë`m§À`mH$S>o
‘Ü`ñWrgmR>r àmW©Zm H$aVmV.
bhmZnUmnmgyZ
`m _hmËå`m{df`r AZoH$ Jmoï>r _mÂ`m H$mZmda nS>V hmoË`m.
_amR>dmS>çmÀ`m J«m_rU ^mJm§V bmoH$m§_Ü`o AË`§V AmXamMo
ñWmZ Agboë`m `m g_mOgwYmaH$mMr BVam§Zmhr AmoiI H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r
`m nwñVH$mMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr Amho.
0000
boIH$-nÌH$ma H$m{_b nmaIo `m§Mm n[aM`
boIH$-nÌH$ma H$m{_b nmaIo ho B§J«Or d¥ÎmnÌr` joÌmV AZoH$ df} H$m`©aV AmhoV. Am¡a§Jm~mX {OëømVrb d¡Omnya VmbwŠ`mVrb dmhoJmd ho Ë`m§Mo _yiJmd. lram_nya `oWo OÝ_. _w§~B© {dÚmnrR>mVyZ ~rE Am{U E_ E(VÎdkmZ) {ejU KoVboë`m nmaIo `m§Zr Jmoì`mVrb 'Xr ZdqhX Q>mBåg' `m B§J«Or d¥ÎmnÌmV Amnë`m nÌH$m[aVoÀ`m ì`dgm`mMr gwê$dmV Ho$br. {X B§{S>`Z \o$S>aoeZ Am°µ\$ d{Hª$J OZm©{bñQ>g `m g§ñWoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Ë`m§Zr `wamonmVrb ~ëJo[a`mMr amOYmZr gmo{\$`m `oWo nÌH$m[aVoMm nX{dH$m Aä`mgH«$_ nyU© Ho$bm, Ë`mM Xaå`mZ gmopìhEV a{e`mMm Xm¡am H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr Ë`m§Zm bm^br. lram_nya `oWrb gmd©_V, Am¡a§Jm~mX `oWrb Xr bmoH$_V Q>mBåg, nwÊ`mVrb B§{S>`Z EŠñàog Am{U Xr Q>mBåg Am°\$ B§{S>`m `m X¡{ZH$m§V Ë`m§Zr ~mV_rXma Am{U Cng§nmXH$ åhUyZ H$m_ Ho$bobo Amho. nËZr O°ŠbrZ Am{U _wbJr Am{XVr `m§À`mgh Ë`m§Mo dmñVì` nwÊ`mOdirb qMMdS> `oWo AgVo. gÜ`m Vo 'gH$mi' d¥ËVnÌg_yhmÀ`m 'gH$mi Q>mBåg' `m nwÊ`mVyZ à{gÜX hmoUmè`m X¡{ZH$mV Vo H$m`© H$aV AmhoV.
H$m{_b nmaIo `m§Mr BVa _amR>r-B§J«Or nwñVHo$
'CÎmw§J' (ì`{º${MÌg§J«h), B§p½be-_amR>r {_{S>Am {S>ŠeZar, '_hmamï´> M[aÌH$moe' (B.g. 1800 Vo B. g. 2000), '{¼ñVr {_eZè`m§Mo `moJXmZ', 'X{bV {¼íMZm§Mm AmajUmÀ`m h¸$mgmR>r bT>m', 'JmdHw$gm~mhoaMm {¼ñVr g_mO', 'X{bV {¼íMÝg: amB©Q> Qy> [aPìh}eÝg' Am{U 'H$m±{Q´>ã`weZ Am°\$ {¼íMZ {_eZarO BZ B§{S>`m'.
0000
boIH$-nÌH$ma H$m{_b nmaIo `m§Mm n[aM`
boIH$-nÌH$ma H$m{_b nmaIo ho B§J«Or d¥ÎmnÌr` joÌmV AZoH$ df} H$m`©aV AmhoV. Am¡a§Jm~mX {OëømVrb d¡Omnya VmbwŠ`mVrb dmhoJmd ho Ë`m§Mo _yiJmd. lram_nya `oWo OÝ_. _w§~B© {dÚmnrR>mVyZ ~rE Am{U E_ E(VÎdkmZ) {ejU KoVboë`m nmaIo `m§Zr Jmoì`mVrb 'Xr ZdqhX Q>mBåg' `m B§J«Or d¥ÎmnÌmV Amnë`m nÌH$m[aVoÀ`m ì`dgm`mMr gwê$dmV Ho$br. {X B§{S>`Z \o$S>aoeZ Am°µ\$ d{Hª$J OZm©{bñQ>g `m g§ñWoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Ë`m§Zr `wamonmVrb ~ëJo[a`mMr amOYmZr gmo{\$`m `oWo nÌH$m[aVoMm nX{dH$m Aä`mgH«$_ nyU© Ho$bm, Ë`mM Xaå`mZ gmopìhEV a{e`mMm Xm¡am H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr Ë`m§Zm bm^br. lram_nya `oWrb gmd©_V, Am¡a§Jm~mX `oWrb Xr bmoH$_V Q>mBåg, nwÊ`mVrb B§{S>`Z EŠñàog Am{U Xr Q>mBåg Am°\$ B§{S>`m `m X¡{ZH$m§V Ë`m§Zr ~mV_rXma Am{U Cng§nmXH$ åhUyZ H$m_ Ho$bobo Amho. nËZr O°ŠbrZ Am{U _wbJr Am{XVr `m§À`mgh Ë`m§Mo dmñVì` nwÊ`mOdirb qMMdS> `oWo AgVo. gÜ`m Vo 'gH$mi' d¥ËVnÌg_yhmÀ`m 'gH$mi Q>mBåg' `m nwÊ`mVyZ à{gÜX hmoUmè`m X¡{ZH$mV Vo H$m`© H$aV AmhoV.
H$m{_b nmaIo `m§Mr BVa _amR>r-B§J«Or nwñVHo$
'CÎmw§J' (ì`{º${MÌg§J«h), B§p½be-_amR>r {_{S>Am {S>ŠeZar, '_hmamï´> M[aÌH$moe' (B.g. 1800 Vo B. g. 2000), '{¼ñVr {_eZè`m§Mo `moJXmZ', 'X{bV {¼íMZm§Mm AmajUmÀ`m h¸$mgmR>r bT>m', 'JmdHw$gm~mhoaMm {¼ñVr g_mO', 'X{bV {¼íMÝg: amB©Q> Qy> [aPìh}eÝg' Am{U 'H$m±{Q´>ã`weZ Am°\$ {¼íMZ {_eZarO BZ B§{S>`m'.
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