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1903 _Ü`o ZmJnyaMo {~en Om°Z _oar H«$moMoQ> `m§Zr \$mXa {_Mob
\$moaob `m§Mr \$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Mo ghmæ`H$ åhUyZ Zo_UyH$ Ho$br.
\$mXa Om{H$`aà_mUoM \$mXa \$m°aobgwÕm \$mÝg_Yrb g°ìhmo` àm§VmMo
hmoVo. Ë`mZ§Va 22 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1907 amoOr \$mXa Om°Z _oar ~oO}
Am{U 1908 À`m OmZodmarV Om°O© \$Zmª{S>g Ë`m§Mo ghm`H$ åhUyZ
KmoJaJmdmV XmIb Pmbo.
AmOy~mOyÀ`m
n[agamVrb {¼íMZm§Mr g§»`m dmTy> bmJbr VgVgo KmoJaJmdmV
~m§Ybobo VmËnwaVo M°nob Anwao nSy> bmJbo. gZ 1907 À`m ZmVmi
gUmbm VoWo 700 {¼íMZ hOa hmoVo Am{U Ë`mn¡H$s 400 OUm§Zr n{dÌ
H$å`w{Z`Z ñdrH$mabo hmoVo. KmoJaJmdmV EH$ àeñV XoD$i ~m§Ymdo Ago
\$mXam§Zm dmQy> bmJbo. gZ 1909 À`m OmZodmarV \$mXa Om{H$`a
`m§Zr Amnë`m aomO{ZerV {b{hbo hmoVo:
""gÜ`mÀ`m
M°nbMo {ZdmgñWmZmV énm§Va H$aÊ`mMr Am{U Zdo _moR>o XoD$i
~m§YÊ`mMr gyMZm {~en H$m°nob `m§Zr _bm Ho$br Amho. ~«Xa AbopŠgg
{Z`mo{OV XodimMm AmamIS>m Am{U Ë`mgmR>r bmJUmè`m IMm©Mm
A§XmO H$aV AmhoV. XoD$i ~m§YÊ`mg EHy$U 8 hOma én`o bmJVrb.
Xaå`mZÀ`m H$mimV, _r B_maVrÀ`m ~m§YH$m_mgmR>r bmJUmao gm_mZ
Jmoim H$aUo gwê$ Ho$bo Amho. nmM ~¡bOmoS>çm§n¡H$s VrZ
~¡bOmoS>çm Jobo ghm _{hZo ~m§YH$m_mMo XJS> AmUV AmhoV. øm
gd© n[agamV EH$mM doir {H$VrVar H$m_o Mmby AmhoV. XJS>m§Zm
AmH$ma {Xbm OmVmo Amho, MwZm Am{U {dQ>m§À`m ^Å>rV H$m_ Mmby
Amho. ~¡bJmS>`m Am{U JmS>rdmZm§Mr bJ~J gVV Mmby Amho. Iar
g_ñ`m Aer Amho H$s Xa e{Zdmar g§Ü`mH$mir _bm `m gd© H$m_Jma
bmoH$m§Zm nJma Úmdm bmJVmo. àË`oH$ doir EHy$U nJmamMr a¸$_ 100
én`o AgVo. _mÂ`mH$S>o Agbobr gd© J§JmOi H$YrM g§nyZ Jobr Amho
Am{U _bm AmUIr 8 hOma én`m§Mr JaO Amho. Am_À`m EHy$U 54
IoS>oJmdm§n¡H$s 40 Jmdm§V {¼íMZm§Mr g§»`m 50 Vo 150 Amho.
`mn¡H$s 15 Jmdm§V Va H°$Q>o{H$ñQ> _mñVam§gmR>r KagwÜXm
Zmhr Am{U àmW©ZogmR>r N>moQ>rer Imobrhr Zmhr. Aem àË`oH$
ImobrgmR>r _bm 100 én`m§Mm IM© `oUma Amho.''
1909
À`m E{àb _{hÝ`mV \$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Zr Am¡a§Jm~mX {Oëô`mVrb
H$ÞS> Jmdmg ^oQ> {Xbr. Ë`m{df`r \$mXa {b{hVmV : ""_mÂ`mAmYr
\$mXa ~oZrñQ´>±S> `m§Zr `m Jmdmbm 35 dfmªnydu ^oQ> {Xbr
hmoVr. `oWrb {_eZmÀ`m _mbH$sÀ`m OmJoMm Vm~m nwÝhm EH$Xm gaH$maZo
KoVbm Amho. `oWrb M°nob AJXr ^½ZmdñWoV Amho Am{U AYm© S>PZ
g§»`oÀ`m `oWrb H$~atMo XJS> {ZIiV Mmbbo AmhoV. `m OmJoMm Vm~m
nwÝhm EH$Xm Amåhmbm {_iob Am{U {VWo Zdo M°nob ~m§YVm `oB©b Aer
_bm Amem Amho.""
\$mXa
Om{H$`a amhmVm {_eZmMr O~m~Xmar nma nmS>V AgVmZm KmoJaJmd `oWo
{¼ñVamOm _§{XamMo ~m§YH$m_ \$mXa \$m{O`mZmo `m§Zr nwT>o Mmby
R>odbo hmoVo. _hm`wÕm_wio `wamonmVyZ `oUmar Am{W©H$ _XV H$_r
Pmbr hmoVr. KmoJaJmdmà_mUoM VoWyZ 35 {H$bmo_rQ>a Xya Agboë`m
~moaga `oWohr EH$ _moR>o MM© ~m§YÊ`mMr V`mar VoWrb \$mXa nmO
`m§Zr gwê$ Ho$br hmoVr.
amhmË`mhÿZ
KmoJaJmdbm 1922 À`m OmZodmarV naVë`mZ§Va \$mXa Om{H$`aZo nwÝhm
EH$Xm CËgmhmZo `m {_eZ H|$ÐmÀ`m C^maUrg ñdV:bm PmoHy$Z {Xbo.
VoWrb MM©Mo Ë`m§Zr gwê$ H$obobo ~m§YH$m_ AOyZhr AnyU©M hmoVo.
`m C§M _§{XamÀ`m q^Vr Vmon`ªV Cä`m am{hë`m hmoË`m. _mÌ AmVm
EH$ ZdrZM AS>MU {Z_m©U Pmbr hmoVr.
`mg§~§Yr
\$mXa ao{OZmëS> JmoÝgmbdrg `m§Zr {b{hbo Amho : ""h¡Xam~mXÀ`m
{ZPm_ gaH$maZo ho MM© ~m§YÊ`mg 1908 gmbr nadmZJr {Xbr Voìhm `m
~m§YH$m_mg Vã~b drg dfm©hÿZ A{YH$ H$mi bmJob Aer Hw$Ur H$ënZmhr
H$obr ZìhVr. AmVm \$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Zm Zì`mZo ~m§YH$m_mMm nadmZm
KoUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo. Zì`mZo hm nadmZm KoÊ`mgmR>r XrS> df©
bmJbo. \$mXam§Zr ~m§YH$m_mMr V`mar Ho$br Am{U AmVm Amnë`mH$S>o
~m§YH$m_mgmR>r nwaogm {ZYr Am{U gm_mZhr Zmhr ho Ë`m§À`m bjmV
Ambo. \$mXa Om{H$`a ho ñdV:M H§$ÌmQ>Xma, B§{O{Z`a Am{U
Amoìha{gAa Aem doJdoJi`m ^y{_H$m nma nmS>V hmoVo. ~«Xa AbopŠgg
`m§À`mH$Sy>Z Ë`m§Zr MM©À`m ~m§YH$m_mMm AmamIS>m V`ma
H$ê$Z KoVbm hmoVm. `m AmamIS>çmZwgma Ë`m§Zr H$m_ gwê$ R>odbo
hmoVo Am{U JaOoZwgma Vo ~«Xa AbopŠgg `m§Mm g„m KoV. hmVmV
H§$nmgMo `§Ì KoD$Z Vo _moO_mnUr H$aV Am{U Jd§S>çm§Zm gyMZm
H$aV. XodimÀ`m ~m§YH$m_mgmR>r bmJUmao XJS>, MwZm Am{U dmiy
dJ¡ao gm[hË` Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m ñdV:À`m ~¡bJmS>çm§VyZ
KmoJaJmdmV AmUbo hmoVo. `m ~m§YH$m_mgmR>r bmJUmè`m n¡emgmR>r
Ë`m§Zm AZoH$Xm ^rH$ _mJmdr bmJbr hmoVr.''
`m
A{Vl_m_wio 1925 gmbr \$mXa Om{H$`a eodQ>r Iyn AmOmar nS>bo.
AmOmamVyZ ~ao hmoÊ`mgmR>r Am{U {dlm§Vr KoÊ`mgmR>r
KmoJaJmdmVyZ Ë`m§Zm BVa {R>H$mUr ZoUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo. n§M_T>r
`oWo CnMmamgmR>r Am{U {dlm§VrgmR>r Ë`m§Zm nmR>dÊ`mV
Ambo. _mÌ Ë`m§À`m àH¥$VrV gwYmaUm Pmbr Zmhr.Ë`m_wio 1926bm Vo
Amnë`m _m`^y_rV åhUOo \$mÝgbm naVbo. gZ 1892bm qhXwñWmZmV
Amë`mZ§Va n{hë`m§XmM Am{U 34 dfmªZ§Va Vo Amnë`m _mV¥^y_rV
naVbo hmoVo. Ë`mdoir amhmË`mbm Agbobo \$mXa ~oO} `m§Mr \$mXa
Om{H$`a `m§Mr KmoJaJmdbm ~Xbr Pmbr. Om{H$`a~m~m§À`m AZwnpñWVrV
Ë`m§Zr {¼ñVamOm _§{XamMo ~m§YH$m_ nyU© Ho$bo. \$mXa Om{H$`a
Amnë`m H$_©^y_rV 1929 À`m OmZodmarV naVbo Vmon`ªV `m _§{XamMo
~m§YH$m_ nyU© hmoD$Z Vo Amerdm©{XV H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo.
\$mXa
~oO} `m§Zr KmoJaJmdmV _w»` Y_©Jwê$ åhUyZ gyÌo hmVr KoVbr Voìhm
VoWrb XodimÀ`m q^Vr ~m§YyZ Pmë`m hmoË`m. \$mXa ~oO} `m§Zr `m
q^Vr§da bmoI§S>r Omù`m§Mo N>V C^mabo. XodimVrb A§VJ©V
gOmdQ>rMr Am{U BVa H$m_o AOyZ ~mH$s hmoVr. _mÌ \$mXa ~oO}
`m§À`mH$S>o Ë`mgmR>r AmVm n¡gmhr {eëbH$ ZìhVm.
\$mXa
ao{OZmëS> JmoÝgmëdrg `m§Zr EH$m boImV `m _§{XamÀ`m AIoaÀ`m
~m§YH$m_mÀ`m YmdnirMo Am{U CX²KmQ>Z H$m`©H«$_mMo dU©Z Ho$bo
Amho. ""{~en H$m°nob `m§Zr \$mXa n¡boŠg `m§Zm
ZmJnyahÿZ KmoJaJmdbm nmR>dbo. \$mXa Om{H$`a `m§Mo MwbV^mD$
Agbobo \$mXa n¡boŠg ZmJnyabm 1925 bm Ambo hmoVo. earaàH¥$VrZo
AJXrM {H$S>{_S>o AgUmao \$mXa n¡boŠg `m§Mr XodimÀ`m
~m§YH$m_mV ^anya _XV Pmbr. C§M XodimVrb {eS>çm§da Vo gaga MT>V
AgV. ñdV:M Vo AZoH$ H$m_o H$aV Am{U H$m_Jmam§Zmhr gyMZm XoV AgV.
XodimMo ~m§YH$m_ AIoa Ë`m§ZrM nyU© Ho$bo. XodimÀ`m AmVrb ^mJm§V
a§JrV H$mMm AmhoV. AmëVma g§J_adar Amho Am{U q^Vr§Zm AmVyZhr
gw§Xa a§J XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. ho _§{Xa {¼ñVamOmg g_{n©V H$aÊ`mV
Ambo Amho. {¼ñVamOmÀ`m {MÌmImbr hmVmV H«y$g KoD$Z ew^dV©_mZ
gm§JUmè`m EH$m {_eZarMo {MÌ a§J{dÊ`mV Ambo Amho. `m {MÌmVrb
{_eZar IwÔ \$mXa Om{H$`a AmhoV Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. hr {IS>H$s
Am{U doXr C^maÊ`mMm IM© \$mXa {bìhgo `m§Zr Ho$bm hmoVm. \$mXa
Om{H$`a `wamon_Ü`o AgVmZm _§{XamMo ~m§YH$m_ nyU© Pmbo Am{U
Ë`m§À`m J¡ahOoarV _§Jidmar 26 E{àb 1927 bm {~en H$m°nob `m§Zr
ho _§{Xa Amerdm©{XV Ho$bo.
AmgnmgÀ`m
IoS>çm§Vrb EH$ hOma bmoH$ CX²>KmQ>Z g_ma§^mg hOa hmoVo.
\$mXa S>o{g{g`a, \$mXa \$m°aob, \$mXa Apë~Zmo \$Zmª{S>g,
\$mXa \$m{O`mZmo Am{U \$mXa Jm`oV H$m`©H«$_mgmR>r Ambo hmoVo.
Ë`m{edm` eoOmaÀ`m Ah_XZJa {Oëô`mVyZ \$mXa ew{~Ja, \$mXa bo
~m°boQ>, \$mXa ao{OZmëS JmoÝgmëdrg Am{U \$mXa {S>_obmohr
Ambo hmoVo. _moR>çm {_ñgogmR>r Amnbo g§JrV XoÊ`mgmR>r
H|$XihÿZ ~«Xa _m°[ag Ambo hmoVo. `m {deof H$m`©H«$_mgmR>r
V`mar H$aÊ`mÀ`m H$m_mV \$mXa ~oO} Am{U \$mXa n¡boŠg Jw§Vbo
hmoVo.
_moR>çm
{_ñgoZ§Va Xodimbm Amerdm©X XoÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`mZ§Va {~enm§Zr 250
OUm§Zm ÑT>rH$aU gm§H«$m_|V {Xbo. CnpñWV Agboë`m gdmªMrM _Zo
AmZ§X Am{U H¥$VkVoZo ^ê$Z Jobr hmoVr. Ë`m§ZVa Xwgè`m {Xder
gH$mir `m nmhþÊ`m {_eZatZr KmoJaJmdMm {Zamon KoVbm, Voìhm AgoM
_moR>o XoD$i Amnë`m Jmdrhr C^maÊ`mMo ñdßZ Vo gd©OU nmhmV
hmoVo.''
Om{H$`a~m~m§Zr
ho C§Monwao XoD$i ~m§YÊ`mgmR>r Img Ah_XZJa {OëømVrb Zodmgo
`oWrb à{gÕ ImUrMm XJS> dmnabm hmoVm. Zodmgo ho kmZoída
_mD$br§À`m dmñVì`mZo nwZrV Pmbobo Jmd. `oWrb n¡g Im§~mbm
Q>oHy$Z g§V kmZoídam§Zr 'kmZoídar' {b{hbr. `oWrb ImUrVrb
nÙmdVr nmfmU qH$dm Zodmgo ñQ>moZ g§nyU© _hmamï´>mV à{gÕ
Amho. gbJ Xhm-AH$am \y$Q> bm§~rÀ`m H$mù`m nmfmUmÀ`m {eim `m
ImUrV {_iVmV. `mM ImUrVrb XJS> Ami§Xr VrW©joÌmVrb B§Ðm`Ur
KmQ>mgmR>rhr dmnaÊ`mV Ambm Amho.1
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_m_m§H$Sy>Z AZoH$Xm EoH$ë`m AmhoV. AJXr AbrH$S>o `m XodimÀ`m
~m§YH$m_m{df`r H${dVm Ho$ë`m OmVmV, Ë`mdéZ `m H$Wm AOyZhr Zì`m
{nT>rÀ`m H$mZmda nS>VmV Ago {XgVo. ~miy Jm`H$dmS> `m§Mr
nwT>rb H${dVm 'qMVZ' `m KmoJaJmd {¼ñV amOm _§{XamÀ`m E{àb
2004 À`m _wInÌmV à{gÜX Pmbr hmoVr.
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godm ^OZ JmVr h_amnya
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nVrVm§Zm gmø H$ar
g§X^©:
1)
~mimgmho~ VZnwao `m§Mm boI, 'Zodmgo VmbwŠ`mVrb _y{V©H$bm OmoamV,
_y{V©H$ma _mÌ Cno{jV', X¡{ZH$ 'gH$mi', Ah_XZJa Amd¥Îmr, (26 OyZ
2005)
